Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Zoltan Abram Author-Name-First: Zoltan Author-Name-Last: Abram Author-Email: abramzoltan@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu-Mure?, Department of Hygiene Title: Research and Prevention Perspectives on Smoking in Romania Abstract: Smoking reduces the lifetime and is responsible for the death of ten thousand persons daily. In spite of the harmful effects of tobacco use, in Europe the number of smoked cigarettes is about two thousand cigarettes per year per person, while the smoking-related statistics are unfavourable in women and children.The high prevalence of active and secondhand smoking in Romania, the high number of daily smoked cigarettes, the increasing percentage of cessation attempts with a limited success stresses the importance of tobacco research, preventive activities and cessation interventions.Davidson College (USA) and University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu-Mure? have just launched a five-year common project in order to study tobacco concerns specific to Romania and to build the local capacity for tobacco research in Romania. Length: 6 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 1-6 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=1&rid=1821 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301821 Classification-JEL: I19, I00 Keywords: smoking, prevention, cessation, tobacco research, cooperation, secondhand smoking Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: MELEK ACAR BOYACIOGLU Author-Name-First: MELEK Author-Name-Last: ACAR BOYACIOGLU Author-Email: melekacar@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: SELCUK UNIVERSITY Author-Name: IBRAH?M EREM SAHIN Author-Name-First: IBRAH?M EREM Author-Name-Last: SAHIN Author-Email: eremsahin@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: SELCUK UNIVERSITY Author-Name: RAMAZAN AKTAS Author-Name-First: RAMAZAN Author-Name-Last: AKTAS Author-Email: raktas@etu.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: TOBB UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND TECHNOLOGY Title: A COMPARISON OF THE FINANCIAL EFFICIENCIES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS AND PARTICIPATION BANKS: THE CASE OF TURKEY Abstract: The purpose of this study is to measure the efficiencies of participation banks, which conduct interest-free banking transactions, and commercial banks within the Turkish finance system and determine whether they have made progress in a year-by-year process or not. In this context, using the continuous financial data between the years 2011 and 2013 belonging to 4 participation banks and 16 public and private commercial banks operating in the banking sector, efficiencies of the banks were measured through the Data Enveloping Analysis and whether or not there was progress in their efficiency on a yearly basis was investigated using the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index. According to the results of the analysis conducted using input-output components by adopting the mediation approach, although the efficiency levels of the banks exhibited a slight drop by the years, an increase was observed in their total factor productivities. When the efficiency scores of commercial banks and participation banks are evaluated within themselves, it is seen that with the exception of 2013, the mean efficiency values of participation banks are higher than the mean efficiency values of commercial banks. Length: 20 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 7-26 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=2&rid=1797 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301797 Classification-JEL: C14, G21 Keywords: Participation Banks, Commercial Banks, Turkish Banking Sector, Data Envelopment Analysis, Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index, Efficiency. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301797 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Fahad Alamr Author-Name-First: Fahad Author-Name-Last: Alamr Author-Email: Fahadalamr@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Dammam University Title: Improving Saudi Technical College students Skills in Accounting Courses Abstract: Saudi Technical Colleges provide programs in accounting. I summoned all accounting mentors from tow colleges, to discuss their current training strategies. 10 Trainers -out of 12- indicated that they use lecturing most of the time. Accordingly, I proposed a four weeks workshop on strategies for developing worksheets and administering group discussions. A four-weeks workshop was administered during the spring quarter 2013; the first two weeks designated for skill drills and training. The second two weeks the mentors practiced their acquired skills on real live situations. All 12 trainers attended the workshop. Six of them were training one group of students each during this quarter, and the other six were training two groups each. Therefore, our data collection process focused on the results collected from trainers with two groups; we used one group as an experimental group, and the other as a control group.Statistical analyses indicate there is statistically significant deference between the groups, to the benefit of the experimental groups.Some recommendations were suggested. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 27-27 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=3&rid=1123 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301123 Classification-JEL: A00, A20 Keywords: Saudi, Accounting, Technical, Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammed Aldagheiri Author-Name-First: Mohammed Author-Name-Last: Aldagheiri Author-Email: aldagheiri@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Qassim University Title: Analyzing patterns of spatial distribution for girls' high schools in districts of Burydah city â?? Saudi Arabia Abstract: The increase of population growth rate witnessed in Buraidah city in particular and the accompanying urban development have generated a great need for educational services offered to society. These services, however, have not responded to the increasing demands of the population due to the lack of early planning and preparation. There is an urgent need for planners, decision makers, and concerned development authorities to take the necessary measures that ensure even distribution of educational services. This paper aims at studying the spatial characteristics of public high schools for girls in Buraidah city in terms of the available spatial distribution models used district wise , the distance between these high schools, and the number of schools in each district. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 28-28 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=4&rid=327 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300327 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Services Geography, Spatial Distribution, Saudi Arabia. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Bartram Author-Name-First: Brendan Author-Name-Last: Bartram Author-Email: b.bartram@wlv.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wolverhampton Title: Students' emotional bargaining in higher education: a case study of staff views Abstract: In a bid to investigate what would appear to be a relatively under-explored aspect of staff-student interactions, this paper offers a critical examination of the ways in which emotion is sometimes utilised as a resource by students in Higher Education (HE). It begins by reviewing a number of psychological and sociological studies of emotion, before moving on to an examination of the role of emotion in the HE context. Devised as a qualitative case study located in a modern English university, the paper in part adopts a discursive psychology approach to explore students? use of emotion as a bargaining tool in emailed requests for study concessions. It also makes use of interview data collected from 12 university staff members to provide a staff perspective on the issues at hand. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 29-29 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=5&rid=920 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300920 Classification-JEL: I21, I23, I29 Keywords: Higher Education; emotional bargaining; emotion; interviews Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300920 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gerard Bellefeuille Author-Name-First: Gerard Author-Name-Last: Bellefeuille Author-Email: bellefeuilleg@macewan.ca Author-Workplace-Name: MacEwan University Title: A Course-Based Creative Inquiry Approach to Teaching Introductory Research Methods in Child and Youth Care Undergraduate Education Abstract: Introductory research courses give undergraduate students their first, and for many, their only exposure to the scientific methods and principles of research design. They are challenging classes to teach to Child and Youth Care (CYC) students because the thought of ?researchers? conjures up images of human beings that appear cold, indifferent, objective, rational, serious, and therefore unfeeling and less caring?the antithesis of the warm, caring, intuitive, and empathic relational-centred CYC practitioner. This stereotype presumes that you cannot be both researcher and practitioner. It?s not surprising, then, to hear CYC students voice their views about research methods courses as boring, senseless, and irrelevant to their practice.In this article I present course-based research projects conducted by fourth year Child and Youth Care (CYC) students at MacEwan University using creative modes of inquiry for both the process by which the research is conducted and for the methods used to represent research data. I address the interconnection between creative inquiry and the meaning-making process that is so central to relational CYC practice and discuss how creative inquiry allows researchers and, or, participants to explore questions and express understanding in ways that represent different ways of knowing. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 30-40 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=6&rid=1163 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301163 Classification-JEL: Keywords: course-based research, creative inquiry, higher education Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Chan Author-Name-First: Andrew Author-Name-Last: Chan Author-Email: mgandrew@cityu.edu.hk Author-Workplace-Name: City University of Hong Kong Author-Name: John Garrick Author-Name-First: John Author-Name-Last: Garrick Author-Email: andrewchanhk@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: City University of Hong Kong Title: Reconciling Profit and Performance with Integrity: The Case of Companies Operating in Cross Cultural Contexts Abstract: The paper is primarily directed towards, but not confined to, the activities of larger commercial enterprises and questions the authority by which knowledge and integrity are legitimated in such enterprises and to do this we revisit Lyotard's (1984: 9) pertinent questions: Who decides what knowledge is, and who knows what needs to be decided? We draw on both performativity theory and Levinas's (1985) notion of acting responsibly and having responsibility to others' to examine ways organizational performance can be constructed to by-pass ethical considerations, miss critical observations and thus opportunities. In some industries this nexus can be calamitous on a global as well as local scale. Knowledge in the Western tradition has had conceptual connections with truth and understanding since at least the seventeenth century (Popper, 1975). Yet the arenas of its definition and contestation have shifted. Once they were the preserve of exemplary spaces such as the laboratory while now, for many (business) organizations, the truth of knowledge has shifted to the market where its value is gauged and leveraged. A central question for this paper is the ways in which truth comes into play where organizational knowledge is concerned as leveraging may give it a particular complexion, in turn influencing integrity and virtue. Indeed, the construction and transmission of organizational knowledge has a powerful cultural context truths embedded in organization practices are extremely vulnerable. This vulnerability is revealed in the earlier leitmotiv of corporate crashes such as Enron and WorldCom , major collapses during the GFC including Lehman Bros Bank in 2008, and through the on-going experience of managing serious toxic debt such as in US mortgage giants Freddy Mac and Fanny Mae, the Royal Bank of Scotland (amongst others) and on-going Eurozone financial crises. The leitmotiv becomes more evident as these events highlight fundamental difficulties for those charged with managing and retaining intellectual capital and knowledge in the responsible organizations. Knowing what ought to be done and then actually doing it has been deeply flawed (see Leopold, 2009 Barth et al. 2009). It follows that organizational practices such as knowledge management (KM) must be more than mere techniques geared in a singular fashion towards enhancing the bottom line. Knowledge in organizations cannot simply mimic fashionable discourse or slavishly follow pre-set performance indicators. Such narrow approaches have been revealed as seriously deficient. Length: 15 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 41-55 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=7&rid=284 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300284 Classification-JEL: Keywords: integrity and leadership, management decision, organizational knowledge, enterprise performance Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Victor K. Y. Chan Author-Name-First: Victor K. Y. Author-Name-Last: Chan Author-Email: vkychan@ipm.edu.mo Author-Workplace-Name: Macao Polytechnic Institute Author-Name: Robben S. P. Chong Author-Name-First: Robben S. P. Author-Name-Last: Chong Author-Email: robbenchong.macao@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Macao Polytechnic Institute Author-Name: Josephine K. K. Si Author-Name-First: Josephine K. K. Author-Name-Last: Si Author-Email: hugetiny20@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Macao Polytechnic Institute Author-Name: Athena S. I. Cheong Author-Name-First: Athena S. I. Author-Name-Last: Cheong Author-Email: athenacheong@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Macao Polytechnic Institute Title: Refined Personal Factors Underlying Internet Addiction: An Analogy with Pathological Gambling Abstract: This study is furtherance of a previous study to relate an individual?s degree of Internet addiction with his/her psychological characteristics of escape and excess and the attitude toward behaviour. These characteristics were proposed because escape and excess had been shown statistically in the literature to coexist with pathological gambling, which had in turn been shown to share ?a common psychopathological dimension? with Internet addiction whereas the attitude toward behaviour had long been adopted in the literature to measure an individual?s mental feelings about having particular behaviour, especially, in the use of an information system. Moreover, the authors? earlier study based on exploratory factor analysis and Pearson correlation analysis established that all these three characteristics positively and significantly correlate with the degree of Internet addiction.As in the said earlier study, this study operationalized Internet addiction, escape, excess and the attitude toward behaviour by means of proven questionnaire items. Data was collected through 562 questionnaire copies in Macao, which was well known for being one of the world?s gambling centres, and structural equation modelling was subsequently employed to arrive at a parsimonious, quantitative model relating Internet addiction with its key determining personal characteristic(s) out of escape, excess and the attitude toward behaviour.This study indicated that excess, together with the attitude toward behaviour, exerted the major effects on Internet addiction whilst the effect of escape on Internet addiction might only be realized predominantly through excess and the attitude toward behaviour as mediators. The unstandardized factor loading of Internet addiction on excess is 21.46 (p < 0.001) whereas the unstandardized factor loading of Internet addiction on the attitude toward behaviour is -3.68 (p = 0.006). The said ?common psychopathological dimension[s]? should include excess.This study may matter not only to psychologists but also all stakeholders in the "new" economy of the Internet in that the way individuals are engaged by Internet activities is uncovered to some extent. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 56-56 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=8&rid=1324 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301324 Classification-JEL: C12, M15 Keywords: Internet addiction, pathological gambling, escape, excess, attitude toward behaviour Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hong-xia Dai Author-Name-First: Hong-xia Author-Name-Last: Dai Author-Email: hxdai@ipm.edu.mo Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute Title: Infant feeding attitude and infant feeding methods among Macao hospital postpartum women Abstract: Objective: To study infant-feeding attitude and feeding methods among Macao postpartum women in hospital. Methods: From December 2009 to December 2011, Postpartum women (n = 468) were recruited in a cross sectional study in Macau. The participants completed a questionnaire on infant feeding at postpartum 3 days before discharge. The questionnaires included demographic, infant feeding methods and the Macau Chinese version of IIFAS scale. The intra-class correlations (ICC) of the Macau Chinese version of IIFAS scale was 0.85, Cronbach's alpha was 0.635, and the content validity index (CVI) was 0.966. The IIFAS comprises of 17 items. Total scores range from 17 (indicating positive bottle-feeding attitudes) to a high of 85 (indicating positive breastfeeding attitudes).Results: The mean score of IIFAS was 58.94±6.21 at 3 days postpartum. The mean score of 17 items were range from 2.25±1.20 to 4.54±1.01. The item with higher score from first to third were: Item 3 ,Breast-feeding increased mother-infant bonding(4.54±1.01); item 13, Breast milk more easily digested(4.45±0.94); item 12,Breast milk is a kind of ideal food(4.37±0.97). The item with lower score were: Item17,Mother occasionally drinks alcohol should not breast-feed(2.25±1.20); item 6 ,Formula-feeding is the better choice for a mother who plans to work(2.40±1.19); item 8, Public places (such as restaurants) should not breast-feed( 2.80±1.23). At 1 days and 3 days postpartum, the exclusive breastfeeding rate were 52.8% and 52.4%, which were higher than mix feeding rate (37.4%, 40.6%), also higher than exclusive formula-feeding rate ( 9.8%,7.0%),p<0.05. The exclusive formula-feeding rate was no significant difference compare postpartum 1 day with postpartum 3 days>0.05. Women who were exclusively breastfeeding at 1 days and 3 days postpartum had significantly higher IIFAS scores than mothers who were either mix feeding or exclusive formula-feeding (P<0.01). Conclusions: The score of IIFAS of Macao postpartum women were at a medium level. Higher IIFAS scores were associated with breastfeeding behavior, while lower scores were associated with formula-feeding behavior. The early breastfeeding rate among Macao postpartum women was higher than Mainland China but lower than some Western country. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 57-57 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=9&rid=245 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300245 Classification-JEL: I19 Keywords: Infant feeding attitude; Exclusive formula-feeding; Postpartum women; Macao Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sevdalina Dimitrova Author-Name-First: Sevdalina Author-Name-Last: Dimitrova Author-Email: terziev@skmat.com Author-Workplace-Name: Vasil Levski National Military University - Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria Author-Name: Venelin Terziev Author-Name-First: Venelin Author-Name-Last: Terziev Author-Email: terziev@skmat.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Agrobusiness and Rural Development - Plovdiv, Title: THE SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF THE MILITARY, DISCHARGED FROM MILITARY SERVICE - NECESSARY OR BY REQUEST Abstract: ?o the modern globalized and dynamic world, the human is the crucial key factor, perceived as individual personality, the team and the relationships between people in this team based on self-awareness. Increasingly discussed topic is the predominantly social nature of its activity. On the agenda appears the problem of social adaptation and protection of certain groups of occupations. One of these professional groups are the social adaptation of the military at the end of their career and their preparation for proper realization in the public - private sector of economy. Moreover , unlike previous researches, refracted through the prism of the military institution social policy, with this article we aim to explore and argue ournecessity of social adaptation of the military leaving the system of the armed forces of the Bulgarian Army in compliance with the scientific rationalization of social work.The need for transparency and equal treatment of users of social services and respect for the dignity of the military, presupposes the importance of the social work with them. This is supported also by the fact that hundreds of specialists from the army have been transferred to the public sector and are able to make a significant contribution to the reconstruction of Bulgarian society and add value but this is not the case in real life. There is often an impression that that their experience and knowledge is unnecessary. People who have committed themselves to military service at young age, as a rule, adapt to the conditions of civilian life with difficulty. Despite having a special military skills and knowledge they actually form a new ?risk group", especially when they fall to the attention of the criminal world. There are various analyses and reports of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy and the Ministry of Defence on this issue that are very indicative. In confirmation of this, a third of them are offered ?a job" in the security departments of various private organizations, banks and / or specialized licensed private security units. Length: 23 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 58-80 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=10&rid=781 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300781 Classification-JEL: P49, P49, P49 Keywords: SOCIAL WORK, SOCIAL MANAGEMENT, SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF THE MILITARY. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300781 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Selcen Erten Author-Name-First: Selcen Author-Name-Last: Erten Author-Email: selcenerten@anadolu.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Eskisehir Osmangazi University Title: Teaching English Filler Words and Students? Usage of them: A Study Conducted at Osmangazi University Preparation School Abstract: The aim of this paper was to emphasize the importance of teaching fillers to students in ESL / EFL classrooms, and investigate whether students use fillers after they have been taught and if so, which fillers they tend to use and why. Although there might be no teaching issue for acquisition of fillers, being spoken discourse markers, the aim was rather increasing the learners? awareness of fillers when they hesitate in the foreign language, which is actually the very nature of speaking. Two speaking session recordings were conducted with 7 elementary-level preparation class students at Eski?ehir Osmangazi University in the autumn semester of 2013/2014 academic year. Fillers were taught in between the sessions, and the filler use of students was investigated before and after teaching. The whole process was conducted in 5 week-time. Through voice recordings and related transcriptions, the results basically revealed that the students used fillers in the second session after they were taught and were provided related activities to practise fillers. Although what fillers they tended to use in the second session speaking and what they would use generally differed at certain points, they generally preferred the fillers uhm / ehm, well and how to say / how can I say. Length: 15 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 81-95 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=11&rid=1552 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301552 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Fillers, speaking, voice recording, transcription, uhm / ehm, well, how to say / how can I say. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Clement Emeka Eze Author-Name-First: Clement Emeka Author-Name-Last: Eze Author-Email: drceeze@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Education,Federal college of Education, Eha- Amufu Title: STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN NCE BUSINESS EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH -EAST NIGERIA Abstract: A cursory look at the results of N.C.E Business Education students in Business Education courses in Nigeria over the years indicates that their performance in financial accounting courses in poor when compared with the students performance in other business courses. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the strategies to be adopted to improve students performance in financial accounting in N.C.E Business Education programmes in colleges of education in South East Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. It answered two research questions. The population comprised all the 76 lecturers in Business Education programmes of the colleges of education in South East Nigeria. Since the population is small, the entire population was used for the study. A 28 item four (4) point scale questionnaire was the major instrument used for data collection. Mean score was used for data analysis. The findings of the study revealed among others that non-possession of accounting as one of the prerequisite entry subjects, non-ownership of accounting textbooks and poor quality entrants militate against students performance in financial accounting while making pass in accounts in senior school certificate examination a perequisite for admission, retraining of accounting lecturers, prompt marking of assignments/exercises, writing or recommending textbooks having graded exercises or short exercises among others are strategies for improving students performance in financial accounting in colleges of education. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that graded financial accounting textbooks should be written or recommended and that a pass in Accounts in S.S.C.E. should be a compulsory requirement for admission into N.C.E. business education programme. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 96-106 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=12&rid=1374 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301374 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Accounting, Business Education, Strategies, Performance, Financial Accounting, Improving, Nigerian Certificate in Education Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julien Forbat Author-Name-First: Julien Author-Name-Last: Forbat Author-Email: julien.forbat@unige.ch Author-Workplace-Name: University of Geneva Title: Success and failure in European environmental health policies Abstract: Introduction This study was done in the framework of a PhD thesis on the environmental health public policies in Europe. Its specific aim was notably to determine how the existing conceptual links between environmental health and sustainable development translated into real case health policies in three countries, namely Switzerland, Germany and Belgium. Methods The study was mainly based on interviews conducted among experts of the environmental health policy process. The analysis describes the environmental health policy of the three countries from the mid-1990s until today, notably the links between their national environmental health action plans (NEHAP) and their national strategies of sustainable development (NSSD), from the agenda setting phase to the implementation of measures. Results The analysis shows contrasted results among the countries considered. Indeed, Switzerland is clearly lagging behind since its abandonment of its federal environmental health policy in 2007. In contrary, Germany has achieved a relatively well structured network of actors involved in the field of environmental health, allowing the country to be at the forefront of scientific research. However, the three countries face powerful drawbacks regarding the making of an efficient environmental health policy, such as limited political attention or a focus on scientific research rather than on the implementation of constraining measures. Discussion While these two concepts â?? environmental health & sustainable development â?? call for systemic and intersectoral approaches, the cases under study highlight common challenges and shortcomings in the making of an efficient and lasting environmental health policy. Indeed, whether the analysis highlights obstacles arising from budgetary constraints, political timing or administrative conflicts and discrepancy, they all tend to demonstrate the difficulty to translate interdisciplinary concepts with complex interactions into real world policies. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 107-107 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=13&rid=202 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300202 Classification-JEL: Keywords: environmental health, NEHAP, public policy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ALI GANIYUSUFOGLU Author-Name-First: ALI Author-Name-Last: GANIYUSUFOGLU Author-Email: ganiyusufoglu@selcuk.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: SELCUK UNIVERSITY DOGANHISAR VOCATIONAL SCHOOL Title: GLASS CEILING SYNDROME IN CAREER MANAGEMENT AND WOMEN MANAGERS DIMENSION Abstract: In today?s world, more women than ever are entering the labour force but the majority of top management positions in almost all countries are primarily held by men. Female managers generally tend to be concentrated in lower management positions and have less authority than men. (Catalyst, 1991). The recent research studies show that there is an increase of woman participation in business life, but this participation generally is not seen in senior-level management but generally seen in in low-levels.One of the major obstacles of economic development is that women are not getting their fair share in economic opportunities. ?Glass ceiling? which prevent women reaching in top management positions has been described as individual, organizational and social factors were examined under a theoretical framework.Examining the reasons why women?s presentation in senior management levels and strategically important positions is lower compared to men constitutes the aim of this study. Conducting a literature survey, the concept of ?Glass Ceiling? has been explained and the obstacles confronting women in preferment to senior management positions have been presented depending on the related studies held in Turkey and other countries. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 108-108 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=14&rid=1548 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301548 Classification-JEL: M10, M19, M00 Keywords: Glass ceiling syndrome, women managers, career barriers Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Monika Golonka Author-Name-First: Monika Author-Name-Last: Golonka Author-Email: monikagolonka@kozminski.edu.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Kozminski University Title: Interfirm cooperation and uncertainty: a study in the ICT Industry Abstract: In this empirical study, I take the perspective of the firm in order to explore and understand forming and configuring interfirm cooperation, applying a firm?s alliance portfolio approach. The majority of studies have found interfirm cooperation to be crucial for acquiring resources, increasing firms? performance, and building competitive advantages, especially in the most globalized industries, knowledge- and technology-intensive and characterized by a high level of uncertainty. Many studies have explored the impact of alliance portfolio configuration on firms? characteristics. However, little attention has been focused thus far on phenomena of alliance portfolio forming or its impact on portfolio configuration. In order to fill this gap, I applied a mixed method approach, including a multi-site study, and analyzed the phenomena of alliance portfolio forming in 26 ICT firms.The results indicate that, in the same institutional environment, firms conduct various cooperation strategies and create different alliance portfolios. The major reason for this is the different approaches to uncertainty and trust. The results show that initial trust is a crucial factor influencing firms? ability to take advantage of uncertainty. Moreover, a higher ability to take advantage of uncertainty?namely, trusting instead of applying calculative uncertainty reduction mechanisms in forming interfirm relationships?is a major factor distinguishing the hyper-growth firms from the remaining ordinary analyzed firms. The results contribute to the understanding of approaches to uncertainty and types of trust in forming firms? alliance portfolios as well as understanding factors?other than institutional ones?behind firms? cooperation strategies. Length: 20 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 109-128 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=15&rid=971 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300971 Classification-JEL: P13, M10, L24 Keywords: Uncertainty, Interfirm Cooperation, Alliance Portfolio Forming, Trust, ICT Industry Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300971 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aaro Hazak Author-Name-First: Aaro Author-Name-Last: Hazak Author-Email: aaro.hazak@ttu.ee Author-Workplace-Name: Tallinn University of Technology Author-Name: Raul Ruubel Author-Name-First: Raul Author-Name-Last: Ruubel Author-Email: raulruubel@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Tallinn University of Technology Title: Contribution of R&D services to added economic value in Estonia Abstract: The role and intensity of knowledge within an economy remains a key success factor for long-term economic growth, increased productivity, competitiveness and socio-economic sustainability. These challenges are particularly important for emerging economies that are yet to catch up frontier knowledge economies. This paper seeks to understand the contribution that R&D services have through added economic value to the GDP in Estonia. Based on the most recent supply and use matrices on the data from year 2009, prepared under the input-output framework of Estonian national accounts, we identify to which extent do the R&D services used in the Estonian economy originate from domestic industries and imports, and how the supplies of R&D services are allocated between intermediate and final uses, including exports. As an output of that analysis we identify the direct contribution of R&D services to added economic value in the Estonian economy to be 0.5% and their primary indirect contribution to be 0.4%. Further indirect effects however exist which need to be quantified under our following studies. Vast majority (93%) of the R&D services used in the Estonian economy appear to be of local origin, generated primarily by companies specialising in R&D services. Export capacity of Estonian R&D services appears to be very limited, contributing 0.2% of Estonian total exports. Overall, we identify that a significant progress is yet to be made to catch up with knowledge frontier countries. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 129-129 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=16&rid=1516 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301516 Classification-JEL: L80, C67 Keywords: R&D services, GDP, supply and use tables, input-output modelling Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Heintel Author-Name-First: Martin Author-Name-Last: Heintel Author-Email: martin.heintel@univie.ac.at Author-Workplace-Name: University of Vienna; Department of Geography and Regional Research Author-Name: Norbert Weixlbaumer Author-Name-First: Norbert Author-Name-Last: Weixlbaumer Author-Email: norbert.weixlbaumer@univie.ac.at Author-Workplace-Name: University of Vienna; Department of Geography and Regional Research Title: An analytical view of Regional Governance in cross border cooperation: Concepts of protected areas and their significance in a cross border context Abstract: Transboundary Protected Areas (TBPA) represent a potential strategy for sustainable cross border development. Experts consider them to be versatile tools for cross border cooperation in the areas of environmental protection and peacebuilding.Against the backdrop of public planning of these protected areas, the chapter will analyze the case of a TPBA nature park, Írottk?-Geschriebenstein, located alongside the Austro-Hungarian border. On the conceptual level, the analysis will focus on large scale protected areas and regional development, and on the organizational institutional level, on regional governance. Írottk?-Geschriebenstein nature park will serve as a model for discussing the framework conditions necessary for protected areas to play a role in cross border cooperation at the interface of different political systems. Which mechanisms need to be considered for TBPA to act as stimuli or even models of regional development based on regional governance?Despite common ideas and statements in support of the cross border nature park on the part of both Austria and Hungary, numerous barriers to cooperation seem to persist. From an analytical standpoint, trust, legal frameworks and jurisdictions, weak transfer links and bureaucracy, in addition to different manifestations of responsibilities as a civil society constitute those fields of action that are partly superimposed on the matters of content and need to be addressed on a deeper level in cross border cooperation. In conclusion, it can be said that in the case of cross border cooperation, regional governance tends to be sluggish in organization, not least due to the overarching EU targets that are only partly adaptable to voluntary self governance in a TBPA scenario. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 130-130 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=17&rid=1403 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301403 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Transboundary Protected Areas, Regional Development, Regional Governance, cross border cooperation, EU Structural Funds policy Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Boonchai Hongcharu Author-Name-First: Boonchai Author-Name-Last: Hongcharu Author-Email: bhongcharu@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: National Institute of Development Administration Title: A Model of Social Interactivity through Internet-based Technologies: Implications for Marketing Communications Abstract: The emergence and the rapid adoption of social media in recent years have led to the political, economic and social changes. The recent political upheavals in several countries from the Middle East, Eastern Europe to Southeast Asia have sparked an interest for the participants to use internet-based technologies for instantaneous communications among themselves. News, rumors and various messages can spread swiftly without frontiers and obstruction from the opponents. The new communications technologies themselves cannot be censored or limited any longer. Facebook, twitters, instagrams, you tube, blogs etc. have been effective tools to link the messages among the participants. This up-to-date information can be beneficial to understand what happens in social interactivity using social media. Moreover, in an anonymous environment of the Internet, participants speak out more loudly than ever before. Instead of focusing on the interactions between the company and its customers, this study intends to explore significant factors in the society which leads to social interactivity in the Internet-based technologies. The model will help us learn more about the processes of how the Internet-based technologies function in the society and will be applied for the marketing activities using the social media. The implications for integrated marketing communications would help us understand more deeply how the social interactivity can be applied for the brand building and relationships among communications participants. Length: 17 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 131-147 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=18&rid=643 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300643 Classification-JEL: M49, M31, O39 Keywords: Social interactivity, Interactive media, Internet marketing, marketing communications, social media Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yueh-Chun Huang Author-Name-First: Yueh-Chun Author-Name-Last: Huang Author-Email: ychuang100@mail.ncyu.edu.tw Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate Institute of Educational Administration and Policy Development, National Chiayi University Title: A Comparison of the financial aid programs administered by JASSO and KOSAF and their implications for Taiwan Abstract: Prior to the 1970s, the systems of higher education in most Asia countries had been elitist in nature, but in the past few decades many of these countries have been gradually shifting in the direction of mass higher education. However, in developing countries there is very little public funding for establishing universities and colleges. Thus, many of these new institutions of higher education were established with private funding; to some extent this is similar to the combination of public and private higher education of the American type. In both Japan and South Korea private universities are more numerous than public ones. In terms of the number of institutions of higher education in 2011, private universities accounted for 76.0 percent of the total in Japan, and 86.3 percent of the total in South Korea. In terms of student numbers in 2011, in Japan 73.4 percent were enrolled at private universities, and in South Korea the figure was 80.2 percent. Furthermore, in both countries the tuition at private universities is relatively higher than at public ones. According to a report published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2013, the average annual tuition for the 2011 school year for full-time students at private institutes was US$8,039 in Japan and US$9,383 in South Korea. High tuition and living costs are making government financial aid more important to university students, and leading many students to rely on loans to complete their higher education. In response to the need for an integrated financial support system for students in higher education, Japan has established the Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) and South Korea has established the Korean Student Aid Foundation (KOSAF).The purpose of this study is to compare the financial aid programs administered by JASSO and KOSAF and offer suggestions for the government of Taiwan in establishing similar organizations in the future. The main methods employed in this study are comparative research and document analysis. The specific aspects of the financial aid programs compared in this study are their scholarship programs; student-loan systems; and financial aid for disadvantaged students. Relevant government policies are also examined. The findings are used to provide suggestions for Taiwan?s future development in the area of student aid. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 148-148 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=19&rid=1830 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301830 Classification-JEL: I22 Keywords: higher education, student financial aid, JASSO, KOSAF Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301830 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natalia Ilyniak Author-Name-First: Natalia Author-Name-Last: Ilyniak Author-Email: nilyniak@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Manitoba Title: Racism in Canadian Elementary School History and Social Studies Textbooks Abstract: Do Manitoba elementary schools? history and social studies textbooks contain racist knowledge towards Indigenous peoples in Canada? Data is collected from a range of textbooks that are published between 1960 and 2013; all were found in schools? libraries and classrooms within the past year. Youth are using even the dated books for research, and therefore consider them legitimate academic sources. The more recent publications are listed on the Manitoba Textbook Bureau, a government agency that designates acceptable books for teachers to use in the province. Surveying these textbooks illuminates various problematic ways that race and Indigenous peoples are taught and portrayed. Older textbooks rely on overtly racist rhetoric, such as labelling Indigenous peoples ?barbarians,? ?Noble Savages,? or suggesting that white settlers were the first people to live in Canada. More recent textbooks move away from this open racism towards a new subtle racism that blurs the lines between learned cultural traits and biological characteristics, essentializing social features. The notion that skin colour provides any deep genetic meaning has long been scientifically disproven. A result of this new, covert racism found in schools? textbooks, combined with the accessibility of old overtly racist ones, is that racialized thinking becomes normalized amongst youth early on. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 149-149 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=20&rid=2039 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0302039 Classification-JEL: F54, I21, Y90 Keywords: Racism; Indigenous peoples; Canada; textbooks Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0302039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christoforos Ioannidis Author-Name-First: Christoforos Author-Name-Last: Ioannidis Author-Email: christoforos.ioannidis@kcl.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: KING'S COLLEGE LONDON Title: Are the conditions of statehood sufficient? An argument in favour of popular sovereignty as an additional requirement for statehood, on the grounds of justice as a moral foundation of international law Abstract: The Montevideo Convention of the Rights and Duties of States (1933) codified the declarative theory of statehood as accepted as part of customary international law and laid down the five requirements for statehood which are often summarized as 'the principle of effectivity': (a) permanent population, (b) defined territory, (c) organised power (government) and (d) ability to enter into relations with other states. The aim of this article is to discuss the possibility of an additional requirement: popular sovereignty in a specific historic sense. I will also discuss whether this requirement should be regarded as a necessary and/or sufficient condition for statehood. The importance of this additional condition will be explained in the light of the legitimacy of exercise of power. Furthermore, it will be argued that this additional requirement may help promote the suggested primary goal of international law, that being justice (instead of peace as easily inferred by the UN Charter) in the specific sense of the protection of basic human rights, as suggested by Buchanan in Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination. It has to be noted that both main points, namely Buchananâ??s suggested notion of justice as the primary goal of international law and my main argument of popular sovereignty in a specific historical sense as a requirement of statehood are not to be regarded as relating to any form of Natural law Theory. It is not the case that I maintain that any international norm which violates justice as ethical foundation of international law is, because of that reason, legally invalid. Although the Legal Positivism vs Natural Law Theory is certainly not the focus of this paper, if one wishes to regard Legal Positivism and Natural Law Theory as mutually exclusive, my suggestion falls entirely under the umbrella of Legal Positivism for reasons that will be explained. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 150-160 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=21&rid=341 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300341 Classification-JEL: K33, K49 Keywords: Philosophy of international law, public international law, legitimacy, conditions of statehood, sovereignty Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: André Jordaan Author-Name-First: André Author-Name-Last: Jordaan Author-Email: andre.jordaan@up.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pretoria Title: International trade and military expenditure: Friends or foe? Abstract: The success of many developing countries, following an outward-orientated development strategy, became increasingly visible during the early 1980s. This stood in sharp contrast to the relatively unsuccessful inward-orientated, import substitution strategy followed by some other countries. East Asian and more recently, Latin American countries, showed the path in terms of following an outward-oriented strategy. Contrary to this, African countries have been hesitant in following this trend, with its share in world trade declining in general. Military expenditure, on the other hand, remains an important aspect in overall government expenditure in most African countries. The purpose of this paper is to determine what the effect is, if any, between the level of trade and military expenditure within a selection of African countries.The relationship between international trade and military expenditure is generally the cause of much debate. It seems that varying arguments are forwarded such as, trade enhances peaceful interaction, trade may influence and cause tension between trading partners and that trade simply has no effect in terms of conflict whatsoever. Different studies on different parts of the world (O?Loughlin and Anselin, 1996; Dorussen, 1999; Martin, Mayer and Thoenig, 2007; Dieter and Higgott, 2007; Yakolev, 2007; Mamoon and Murshed, 2009; Keshk, Reuveny and Pollins, 2010) seem to stimulate this debate of disagreement.This study attempts to empirically show the impact of trade openness on military expenditure as a proportion of gross domestic product. Using the data on a selection of southern African countries over a period of ten years, a linear panel regression model will be used to show the estimated effects of the included variables. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 161-161 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=22&rid=1731 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301731 Classification-JEL: F10, F14 Keywords: International trade, military expenditure, southern Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301731 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yolanda Jordaan Author-Name-First: Yolanda Author-Name-Last: Jordaan Author-Email: yolanda.jordaan@up.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pretoria Title: How important is privacy concern and behaviour on Facebook? Abstract: Social Networking Sites (SNS) encourage users to post and share personal information as part of their online social interactions to build and maintain social relations amongst likeminded people. The uniqueness of these SNS is that it allows individuals to meet strangers, but also enable users to make their own social networks visible. SNS require users to build a personal profile by providing personal information which might put users at risk of a breach in their privacy. The uses and gratifications theory asserts that people use SNSs to fulfil their needs for entertainment, relationships and identity construction, and this overrides their privacy concern. In the Facebook environment where the aim is to find other users, the challenge of dealing with the issue of privacy is an important aspect. The paper aims to investigate the differences between high and low Facebook intensity groups with regards to the importance they attach to a set of privacy concern and behaviour factors. Data was obtained by collecting 575 surveys via a nonprobability, convenience sampling method. Privacy concern was measured by means of a 7-point, 10-item Likert scale using the Internet users? information privacy concerns scale (IUIPC) of Malhotra, Kim, and Agarwal (2004). Online privacy behaviour was measured by a 7-point, six item Likert scale developed by Buchanan, Paine, Joinson and Reips (2007). A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to examine a list of 16 items consisting of both privacy concern and behaviour factors for each of the identified groups.The findings indicate that (a) users? right to control decisions regarding the sharing of private information, and (b) their belief that control is lost through marketing transactions are the two most powerful privacy factors under consideration. For the low Facebook intensity group, the decision making control (the decision to provide companies with personal information) is the most important factor. For the high Facebook intensity group, users? right to control decisions regarding the sharing of private information is the most important factor. These aspects may give Facebook insight into the areas to focus on in particular when considering the continuous evolution of the privacy model for this particular social networking site. This study provides an understanding of users? SNS perceptions related to the levels of importance of privacy concern and behaviour for Facebook users of both high and low Facebook intensity groups. References available upon request. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 162-162 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=23&rid=1782 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301782 Classification-JEL: D18, M31, C83 Keywords: privacy concern, privacy behaviour, Facebook intensity, online, discriminant analysis Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301782 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ALI KAHRAMANOGLU Author-Name-First: ALI Author-Name-Last: KAHRAMANOGLU Author-Email: akahramanoglu@selcuk.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: SELCUK UNIVERSITY DOGANHISAR VOCATIONAL SCHOOL Author-Name: BURCU ASLANTAS ATES Author-Name-First: BURCU Author-Name-Last: ASLANTAS ATES Author-Email: burcuates@sdu.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: SULEYMAN DEMIREL UNIVERSITY Title: ACCOUNTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS: A COMPARISION OF READY MIXED CONCRETE INDUSTRY AND CEMENT INDUSTRY Abstract: Due to rapid population growth and industrialization environmental problems has increased. So, businesses have social responsibility with regard to protection of the environment. Besides social responsibility, due to some legal regulations businesses use environment like an production input and there is also that take protective measures about it. For environmental protection, businesses have to both manufacture environmentally friendly products and to the reduce of hazardous waste and environmental costs information is required for the recycling. Traditional accounting system shows the environmental costs as overhead costs so environmental decision making processes constitute deficiency in the provision of the necessary information. Expressing an economic value of natural resources, bear to cost for prevention and reduction of environmental problems has revealed the concept of environmental accounting.Environmental Accounting, as a result of business activities, can be measured with money, occurring increases and decreases in environmental resources, records, reports, analysises. Environmental Accounting describes the businesses about status of environmentally in environmental information system.In this study, Ready Mixed Concrete Production Plant and Cement Production Plant which are operating in Turkey were conducted comparative analysis in terms of environmental costs, environmental accounting records in order, laws and social responsibilities about how do they reduce environmental impact. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 163-163 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=24&rid=1557 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301557 Classification-JEL: M41, M40, M49 Keywords: Enviromental Accounting, Enviromental Cost, Environmental Protection Activities Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lutz Kaiser Author-Name-First: Lutz Author-Name-Last: Kaiser Author-Email: lutz.kaiser@fhoev.nrw.de Author-Workplace-Name: FHoeV NRW Title: The Gender-Career Estimation Gap Abstract: The paper discusses gender differences with regard to the self- and reciprocal estimation of career expectations. Firstly, the theoretical background and the literature are identified. Within this frame, the instance of self-under-estimated career prospects of female workers and statistical discrimination in the labor market are described. Both aspects are jointly assessed as a self-fulfilling prophecy-phenomenon redounded to women?s disadvantage on the labor market. Secondly, the empirical part analysis the respective self- and reciprocal estimation of female and male career prospects for public sector workers in Germany. The results display obvious discrepancies between self- and reciprocally estimated career expectations that constitute a gender-career estimation gap. As the German public sector contains specific devices to equalising career chances of male and female employees, the findings even underpin the insistency of under-estimated career prospects of female workers despite the existing public sector regime of equality. Finally, approaches of how to equalize male and female career chances are critically reviewed. Length: 32 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 164-195 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=25&rid=349 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300349 Classification-JEL: J16, J24, J45 Keywords: self- and reciprocal estimation of career opportunities, gender-career estimation gap, statistical discrimination, self-fulfilling prophecy, public sector Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Masumi Kikuchi Author-Name-First: Masumi Author-Name-Last: Kikuchi Author-Email: mjuchizhenchun56@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Waseda University Title: Reaction of the Inhabitants to Grazing Ban : Case Study of Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China Abstract: The grazing forbidden policy is an important ecological project that was implemented at the beginning of this century in different regions in China. Yet, various problems emerged during its implementation. At an early stage, majority of the farmers could not get enough subsidies because of the incomplete compensation system. The objective of this study is to investigate the ecological compensation of the grazing forbidden project and draw up criteria for the life-style of the farmers in the areas covered by this project. A questionnaire survey and follow up interviews were conducted in Alashan prefecture of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated that in a later stage the farmers received more support from the government by receiving compensation for the added value of losing the rights to use their lands as well. At the end, policies and measures to establish and fulfill the ecological compensation mechanism in the grazing forbidden areas are also discussed. Length: 22 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 196-217 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=26&rid=321 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300321 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Grazing Ban, Chinese Environment Policy, Inner Mongolia Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrey Kudryavtsev Author-Name-First: Andrey Author-Name-Last: Kudryavtsev Author-Email: andreyk@yvc.ac.il Author-Workplace-Name: The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College Title: Trying to Predict Opening Stock Returns Abstract: In present study, I explore the dynamics of the interday stock price reversals. In particular, I try to shed light on reversals in opening stock returns, that is, on the price reversals during the opening trading sessions with respect to previous day's price tendencies. I analyze intraday price data on thirty stocks currently making up the Dow Jones Industrial Index, employing high-to-close and low-to-close price differences as a proxy for "large" prices moves, and open-to-close stock returns as a proxy for "regular" price moves. I document that opening returns tend to be: (i) higher following the days with relatively large high-to-close price changes (price decreases at the end of the day), and lower following the days with relatively large low-to-close price changes (price increases at the end of the day); and (ii) higher following the days with relatively low open-to-close returns. Based on these findings, I construct a number of daily-adjusted portfolios involving a long (short) position in the opening session in the stocks on the days when, according to the findings, their opening returns are expected to be high (low), and demonstrate that the returns on these portfolios are significantly positive. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 218-218 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=27&rid=1306 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301306 Classification-JEL: G11, G14, G19 Keywords: Intraday Stock Prices; Opening Stock Returns; Overreaction; Stock Price Reversals Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Joy Kutaka-Kennedy Author-Name-First: Joy Author-Name-Last: Kutaka-Kennedy Author-Email: jkutakak@nu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: National University Title: Creativity and Collaboration in the Online Classroom Abstract: Online and collaborative learning have been identified as driving trends in higher education today (Johnson, Adams, Becker, Estrada, & Freeman, 2014). Over 6.7 million students have taken at least one online class, more than 32% of all higher education students (Allen & Seaman, 2011). However, many students report dissatisfaction with content, process, and lack of engagement, especially when online learning is a static, instructor-led discussion (Adams, Defleur, & Heald, 2007). Fredericks (2004) posited that student engagement facilitates success and retention. He identified behavioral engagement with academic and social activities, emotional engagement with positive and negative reactions to people and activities, and cognitive engagement with reflective and integrative thinking. Creative and collaborative assignments by nature can engage students on behavioral, emotional and cognitive levels; their increased engagement leads to improved learning outcomes. Done appropriately, online education can be an engaging, creative venue for teaching and learning with the proper tools and supports. Contrary to popular misconception and fears, online learning can be creative, dynamic student experience. This session will present one assignment that actively engages student creativity resulting in a practical classroom tool for special education teachers. Students are required to create a Parent Newsletter to provide information about the teacher, his/her classroom procedures, and resources for families. They then share and critique each other?s work in small, online groups with clear documentation of everyone?s participation and responses. Using peers? feedback, students can refine their newsletters and submit it for final grading; an additional benefit is they have ideas and templates to write future newsletters for their own classroom. Students report that they use these newsletters in their own classrooms.Going beyond their role as content experts, online instructors can promote creativity and collaboration through a judicious mix of lectures, video clips, assigned readings, and discussions. Assessment of creative and collaborative assignments can also pose challenges, as aesthetic quality is often very individualized. How does one compare works from Mozart to Rodin to Chagall? Although creative and artistic endeavors cannot be evaluated with the same kind of metrics that multiple choice tests can employ, rubrics with general descriptors of gradations of quality can be useful. Furthermore, providing examples of weak, acceptable, and exemplary products can also provide guidance on grading criteria. The rewards of creative and collaborative assignments far outweigh the challenges of assessment and evaluation. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 219-219 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=28&rid=1823 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301823 Classification-JEL: I23, I29, I21 Keywords: Creativity; Collaboration; Online education; Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301823 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daria Lagutina Sariyildiz Author-Name-First: Daria Author-Name-Last: Lagutina Sariyildiz Author-Email: darialagutina@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Foreign languages Title: Development students' communicative competence in teaching Russian as a foreign language in the higher educational establishments of Turkey Abstract: The influence of Russia on the worlds' political arena and global economy led to dynamic integration of Russian language into the world community. Russian language holds a particularly important place among the foreign languages taught in the higher educational establishments of Turkey. The main challenge of teaching Russian is developing students' communication competence. In this regard, we believe that the most effective method is interactive teaching, with the following tools: a) maps, slides, multimedia, modern computer and Internet programs as means of implementation of communicative situations in the classroom; b) communicative games.When using modern effective technologies of interactive learning high motivation, focus, verbal activity, personal interest is observed among students at high level of all communication functions. A peculiar feature of interactive learning is teacher?s attitude towards a student not as an object but an equal partner of the learning process. In this respect teacher should master numerous and diverse technologies of communicative education.Modern educational technologies considered in this study promote students?communicative competence, enhance students' motivation and thus, optimize learning process. The use of interactive technologies for teaching Russian makes lesson entertaining and truly modern. Such formation of educational activity plays an important role in the development of the communicative competence of foreign students, promotes development of their speech capabilities, develops an interest in the Russian language and Russian culture. Length: 6 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 220-225 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=29&rid=1429 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301429 Classification-JEL: I23, I20 Keywords: Russian language, educational technologies, communicative competence, interactive methods. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Martín Arista Author-Name-First: Javier Author-Name-Last: Martín Arista Author-Email: javier.martin@unirioja.es Author-Workplace-Name: University of La Rioja Author-Name: Melania Terrazas Gallego Author-Name-First: Melania Author-Name-Last: Terrazas Gallego Author-Email: melania.terrazas@unirioja.es Author-Workplace-Name: University of La Rioja Title: Improving the Performance of English Language-Learners: A Teaching Innovation Project at University Level Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the increase in the overall performance of English by University learners of EFL during the first three semesters. Students received instruction in a Spanish institution of Higher Education located in a medium-sized town in north-western Spain. The level of English of these students was A2 (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, CEFR) when they started their University degree; subjects studied included Education, Humanities, Tourism and English Studies. The objective was to reach Level B1 (CEFR) within three semesters. The group comprised around 300 students, the vast majority of whom had recently finished secondary education, and were in their early twenties.Against a background consisting of students with differing training, interests and degrees of motivation, several teaching innovation projects were carried out by the Department of Foreign Languages at the University of La Rioja over the academic years 2009-2013. This report focuses on the project scheduled for 2010-2012 and specifically gauges students? academic achievement. The basis of the project was exposure to linguistic input, which was developed through autonomous learning rather than by classroom work. Autonomous learning placed more emphasis on oral skills, was guided and self-evaluated in a virtual classroom, and encompassed a wide selection of teaching materials, both written and oral. These were taken from a variety of English courses, grammars, and books engaging specific skills, as well as from online tools and resources.The results show an increase in the overall performance of the students of English enrolled in the subjects comprised by the project. The average overall performance by students in English Studies increased 7.34% between 2010 and 2012. Increases were also observed in other degrees involving English. For example, the average overall performance in Infant Education increased by 6.28%. The highest increase, at 11.87%, occurred in the Primary Education degree. These improvements can be attributed to the teaching innovation project because the other variables involved did not undergo significant changes. In the current academic year, new initiatives have been adopted that, together with the ones discussed in this paper, are witnesses to a culture of constant teaching innovation. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 226-226 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=30&rid=842 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300842 Classification-JEL: I23 Keywords: Performance, EFL University learners, Teaching innovation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300842 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luciano Massetti Author-Name-First: Luciano Author-Name-Last: Massetti Author-Email: l.massetti@ibimet.cnr.it Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Author-Name: Francesca Ugolini Author-Name-First: Francesca Author-Name-Last: Ugolini Author-Email: f.ugolini@ibimet.cnr.it Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Author-Name: Graziella Rossini Author-Name-First: Graziella Author-Name-Last: Rossini Author-Email: g.rossini@ibimet.cnr.it Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Author-Name: Laura Pellegrino Author-Name-First: Laura Author-Name-Last: Pellegrino Author-Email: l.pellegrino@ibimet.cnr.it Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Author-Name: Anna Lucarelli Author-Name-First: Anna Author-Name-Last: Lucarelli Author-Email: puckpuck@virgilio.it Author-Workplace-Name: Secondary School T. Tesei, I.C Micali, Livorno Author-Name: Monica Demi Author-Name-First: Monica Author-Name-Last: Demi Author-Email: mokad@live.it Author-Workplace-Name: Secondary School T. Tesei, I.C Micali, Livorno Author-Name: Antonio Raschi Author-Name-First: Antonio Author-Name-Last: Raschi Author-Email: a.raschi@ibimet.cnr.it Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Biometeorology - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Title: Intergenerational Learning For Nature Conservation Volunteers: Involen Project Abstract: INVOLEN (Intergenerational Learning for Nature Conservation Volunteers) is an innovative project funded in the framework of the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union. The aim of the project is to develop and test a learning methodology and new tools to promote intergenerational learning, volunteering in nature conservation and use of innovative learning technologies like location based games in 5 European countries: Italy, Greece, France, Hungary and Slovenia. Intergenerational Learning (IL) deals with the way people of all ages can learn together and from each other. The aim of this work is to present the methodology of the project and its ongoing implementation in a real context in Livorno (Italy). Since April 2013, the methodology has been testing by a focus group composed by students and teachers of the secondary school I level Teseo Tesei of the Istituto Comprensivo Micali of Livorno, ICT experts, facilitators and elderly volunteers of the associations of the ?Occhi sulle colline? project (partnership between local organizations and associations working for the protection and enhancement of Livorno Hills) and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature). The pilot phase was carried out on the Livorno Hills Provincial Park, a hilly area few kilometers far from the coast of Livorno, a real treasure for its unique environmental characteristics and for the presence of the magnificent aqueduct built by the architect Pasquale Poccianti in the nineteenth century (Acquedotto leopoldino, better known as Acquedotto di Colognole). In the first meeting, facilitators, youngsters and elders meet each other and build a relationship, highlighting their own abilities and participating in the organization of the activities and the realization of the final products. In the next meeting youngsters interview elders about the life and use of the protected area in the past. Then a guided tour of the protected area is organized. During the visit, elders and experts describe the environmental and historical characteristics to the students. Meanwhile students collect pictures and videos that the focus group will elaborate to produce: informative panels promoting a respectful behavior of nature. The collected material is also used to create a location-based game for iPhones to be played in the protected area. All the products of this project will be published in the project website and made available to any organization that wants to apply this methodology. Length: 2 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 227-228 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=31&rid=647 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300647 Classification-JEL: I29 Keywords: education, location based game, intergenerational learning, volunteering, nature conservation, information technology Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300647 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sean McMahon Author-Name-First: Sean Author-Name-Last: McMahon Author-Email: smcmahon@aucegypt.edu Author-Workplace-Name: The American University in Cairo Title: Hegemony in the Local Order and Accumulation in the Global: Canada and Libya Abstract: My paper analyzes Canadian involvement in the war on Libya in 2011. My point of departure is the question: why was Canada involved in the bombing of Libya? I quickly recognize that it is facile to argue that Canada bombed Libya simply because it is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Other NATO members, most notably Germany, did not support UN Resolution 1973 which authorized the use of force to protect Libyan civilians. Furthermore, a number of NATO members, including usually staunchly supportive Poland, refused to participate in Operation Unified Protector. In fact, only 14 of the alliance's 28 members ultimately contributed war materiel. Consequently, I pose the subsequent query: why was Canada disproportionately involved in the bombing of Libya? Canadian involvement in the war on Libya can only be properly understood by locating the policy in the politics of Fernand Braudel's structural time. My argument is that the Canadian state supported the Libya campaign, and participated as it did, in the service of global and local interests of the transnational historic bloc led by finance capital. Globally, the war facilitated accumulation on the part of this bloc by temporally displacing the ongoing crisis of surplus capital. Locally, the war on Libya supported this bloc's political project in Canada by reaffirming a neoliberal nationalist ideology. The war was against value, including people, in Libya and resistant subordinate social forces in Canada's politico-economic order, NATO's Operation Unified Protector and Canada's Operation Mobile were material attacks in Libya and techniques of social domination in Canada. I execute my argument in four stages. First, I explain my analytical apparatus. More specifically, I adumbrate the specific ideas and insights I deploy from the historical materialist tradition. Second, I demonstrate that the prevailing readings of the war on Libya, including Canada's participation in it, are, at best, analytically deficient and at worst, ahistorical and bereft of critical reflection. It must be noted that commentaries on Canadian policy vis-? -vis Libya are almost non-existent, so much of this review is cast in the broader terms of the global political-economic order. Third, I explain how the war on Libya temporally displaced the problem of surplus capital and served an ideological function in Canada. Fourth and finally, I conclude with some thoughts regarding local social implications of the Canadian involvement in the war. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 229-229 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=32&rid=239 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300239 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Libya, Canada, historical materialism, hegemony, accumulation, transnational historic bloc, crisis of surplus capital, entrepreneurial Canadian, Operation Unified Protector, Operation Mobile Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcel Meler Author-Name-First: Marcel Author-Name-Last: Meler Author-Email: marcel.meler@os.ht.hr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Ecomomics in Osijek Author-Name: Dragan Maga? Author-Name-First: Dragan Author-Name-Last: Maga? Author-Email: dragan.magas@fthm.hr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija Title: Sustainable marketing for sustainable development Abstract: This paper aims to highlight the mutual interrelation between sustainable marketing and sustainable development. Sustainable development is viewed as an established three-dimensional concept comprising economic sustainability and prosperity, social equity and environmental quality. In order to achieve their full synergy, it is necessary to activate sustainable marketing, which is understood not only as a sustainable and profitable relationship with the customers, natural and social environment but also as a variety of socially responsible marketing or, on a wider scope, as a variety of social marketing or ultimately, a variety of macromarketing. Sustainable marketing can contribute to sustainable development not only through everyday?s practice of minimizing the environmental impact but also by implementing new policies and strategies to bolster a wider concept of sustainable growth as a fundamental part of economic entities. Length: 19 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 230-248 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=33&rid=294 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300294 Classification-JEL: M31, Q56 Keywords: economic sustainability, green marketing, socially responsible marketing, sustainable marketing, sustainable development Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Zsuzsanna Mikecz Munday Author-Name-First: Zsuzsanna Author-Name-Last: Mikecz Munday Author-Email: smunday@aus.edu Author-Workplace-Name: American University of Sharjah Title: ?Teaching intercultural communication through the multicultural contact zone in the UAE? Abstract: Intercultural communication has become an integral component of business communication teaching. For many years, simplistic cultural stereotypes have dominated much of the literature of international business communication and textbooks. In recent years however, key researchers in the field of professional communication have emphasized the importance of the common principles of communication (Goby, 1999; Morrison, Weldy and Icenogle, 1997; Beamer, 2000; Hunsinger, 2005). As Scollon and Scollon point out, ?cultures do not talk to each other; individuals do? (1995:125). Thus, business communication teaching should not be dominated by an ethnocentric perspective that examines cultural differences. Instead, it needs to move towards unifying rather than diversifying approaches, and in order to achieve better understanding of cross-cultural communication, we cannot focus on cultural differences but find our similarities. Despite the importance of cultural diversity, a nucleus of similar business communication activities exists alongside culturally determined differences. Although intercultural communication is an essential part of international business, most research in the field has been done in the West. In spite of the rapid economic development in the United Arab Emirates and other countries in the region, there is insignificant amount of research conducted to identify graduates? business communication needs. This investigation took place in multicultural organizations that employ business alumni from the American University of Sharjah in the UAE. In recent years, AUS has become a highly preferred destination for students from the Arabian Gulf, the Indian Subcontinent, Far East, Europe and Africa: a total of 85 nationalities. There are also 47 nationalities represented among the faculty, making AUS a truly multicultural university. This multicultural setting does not only promote cross-cultural interest among students, it also provides an authentic learning environment where our students experience cross-cultural communication challenges they will face in their workplaces. The investigation revealed that respondents gained much of their communicative competence as a result of years of studying at a multicultural university campus. Although they might not have gained these skills from their textbooks in communication courses, they nevertheless became inter-culturally competent, and such competence is essential in today?s business organizations.The presenter will demonstrate how faculty can make use of the possibilities that a multicultural campus environment offers to our students in order to enhance their intercultural communication abilities. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 249-249 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=34&rid=1162 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301162 Classification-JEL: Keywords: intercultural communication, higher education, UAE Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shigeaki Mishima Author-Name-First: Shigeaki Author-Name-Last: Mishima Author-Email: mishima@osaka-ue.ac.jp Author-Workplace-Name: Osaka University of Economics Author-Name: Toshimichi Homma Author-Name-First: Toshimichi Author-Name-Last: Homma Author-Email: toshimichi.homma@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Osaka University of Economics Author-Name: Takashi Mitsuishi Author-Name-First: Takashi Author-Name-Last: Mitsuishi Author-Email: Takashi_Mitsuishi@red.umds.ac.jp Author-Workplace-Name: University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences Title: Organizational Commitment and Ethical Cognition Among Retail Pharmacist in Japan Abstract: This study reports the results of a survey which investigated the impact of organizational commitment on retail pharmacist in Japan. The authors examined whether organizational dependence facilitates unethical behavior by focusing on organizational commitment.Organizational commitment is a concept to measure an individual?s psychological attitudes toward his or her organization. Objectives of commitment have long recognized to be a multidimensional concept. Multidimensional model is widely recognized in the organizational behavior field. This study focuses on affective commitment and continuance commitment.The authors conducted multiple regression analysis analyzing the relationship between organizational commitment and behavioral pattern. The dependent variable in this study is ?withholding the information to protect the company.?The major result suggests that the degree of continuance commitment has a substantial effect on the behavior of withholding information, while affective commitment does not have a significant effect. The results suggest that the continuance commitment has unique behavioral aspect, different from affective commitment.Continuance commitment measures the way of relating oneself to the organization on the basis of cost-benefit awareness. Based on this definition, it implies that the strength of continuance commitment is sensitive to the benefit from withholding information, or to the cost of disclosure. It is reasonable to suppose that continuance commitment lead to withholding information. In the context of organizational behavior, this is a behavioral aspect of continuance commitment. The impact of continuance commitment, both in research and practice, is discussed. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 250-250 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=35&rid=1655 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301655 Classification-JEL: M10, M54 Keywords: organizational commitment, continuance commitment, affective commitment, business ethics, Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Iain Morrison Author-Name-First: Iain Author-Name-Last: Morrison Author-Email: iain.morrison@uhi.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Highlands and Islands Author-Name: Kevin Sinclair Author-Name-First: Kevin Author-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Email: iain.morrison@uhi.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Highlands and Islands Title: PUSH THE RED BUTTON: LISTENING TO STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE HIGHLANDS AND ISLANDS Abstract: How do I make my voice heard? The University of the Highlands and Islands in Scotland covers an area the size of Belgium, with a population the size of Brussels. The 13 partner colleges and over 50 local learning centres operate in some of the most remote areas of Western Europe. There are students studying at a distance in their own homes, at large campuses with many other students, and at small learning centres where they might be the only HE student in the village. Some students have long commutes by car, train or even ferry to reach their place of study.In such a complex and distributed federal model, it can be difficult to know who to turn to. If the UHI student services or personal and academic tutors are not down the corridor, who do you ask when you have a problem or don?t know where to turn to next for an answer?UHI staff and students were asking for some mechanism that would complement the existing support structures, allow students to feedback problems, remove blockages and lead to resolution before the student either accepted a sub-standard service or, as sometimes regrettably happened, left their programme through frustration or dissatisfaction. The early resolution of frustrations and grievances is not only improving the student experience and supporting the retention of our students; interestingly, the Red Button has coincided with a decline in formal student complaints dealt with by the University, leading to time and cost benefits for the institution, too.So, how do you make your voice heard in such a complex, distributed university? With the benefits of our technology and a simple idea, it?s easy?just push the Red Button! This paper will describe the history, logistics, challenges, student feedback and lessons learned through the development and implementation of this student engagement mechanism: the aim being to spread the methodology to other institutions where appropriate. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 251-251 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=36&rid=948 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300948 Classification-JEL: I20 Keywords: student, university, feedback, problem resolution, customer service. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300948 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tara Morrison Author-Name-First: Tara Author-Name-Last: Morrison Author-Email: tara.morrison@uhi.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Highlands and Islands Title: FISH!NET: Improving the student experience of online delivery Abstract: FISH!NET?.....It is clear that the experimental probability of attaining higher learning outcomes is greater in the online environment than in the face-to-face environment. This probability is increasing over time? (Shachar & Neumann, 2010, p.153)While there is increasing evidence to support this claim, (Loughlin & Lee, 2007; Rutherford, 2010; Salaway, Caruso, Nelson, & Ellison, 2008) there is the issue of what constitutes an effective online environment and a positive learning experience for students.My research into the experience of both undergraduate and postgraduate students, through a utilisation of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, has now identified key factors which contribute to success within the online environment for both faculty and students.Taking the original work of Christenson (1998) which evaluated the motivational principles of individuals working in a fish market in Seattle ? FISH! ? it is possible to apply the same ideology to the online learning environment ? with one important addition. FISH! suggests four underlying concepts: Be There; Play; Make their Day; and Choose your Attitude. These four concepts can be equally applied to teaching students using online learning, and, in fact, should be applied in order for students to gain the maximum learning experience from the medium.However, my findings also suggest a fifth element that is out with the FISH! concept ? the issue of community creation or what the research refers to as ?NET?. Community is considered to be at the heart of learning, in general, (Abedin et al, 2010) and the computer-supported collaborative learning, in particular. The importance of the ?social presence? should not be under-estimated ? as demonstrated with the exponential rise of Social Media such as Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram. Integrating Social Network analysis (Rourke et al, 2001) into the online student learning experience is the fifth element (together with FISH!) in creating an effective and positive learning experience for both faculty and students. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 252-252 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=37&rid=1062 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301062 Classification-JEL: I21 Keywords: E-learning; teaching; student experience Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301062 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Szilvia Nyüsti Author-Name-First: Szilvia Author-Name-Last: Nyüsti Author-Email: nyusti.szilvia@educatio.hu Author-Workplace-Name: Educatio Non-profit LLC Author-Name: Zsuzsanna Veroszta Author-Name-First: Zsuzsanna Author-Name-Last: Veroszta Author-Email: veroszta.zsuzsanna@educatio.hu Author-Workplace-Name: Educatio Non-profit LLC Title: Parallel systems of graduate career tracking in Hungary Abstract: The paper aims to demonstrate and compare the different methods of graduate career tracking. The analysis illustrates advantages, disadvantages and specific features of the collected data associated with different methods. Hungary takes place in a regular EU-funded graduate career tracking program since 2010. Two types of databases form the basis of the system. The first type contains data collected via online survey at institutional level. However, this research method suffers from the low response rate which is typical for online survey. The other type is created by integrating the existing datasets of several administrative systems (i.e. Higher Educational Information System, National Health Insurance System and National Tax Office, etc.) which is allowed by the law for the purpose of supporting the process of evidence based policy. Although this database represents the full range of graduate population it is limited in terms of content coverage. On the one hand our analysis illustrates the methodologies and characteristics of two different database and introduces the possible uses of the data both for research, information or educational policy purposes in the framework of graduate career tracking. On the other hand this paper presents the possibilities and limitations of linking data from these different sources utilizing the opportunities provided by the method of probabilistic record linkage (Ivan-Sunter, 1969). Linking administrative and survey data on individual level could be considered as a potential research procedure to compensate the weaknesses of the two aforementioned data collection methods (see Davern-Thomas, 2009; Schnell, 2013). Our paper highlights the possibilities and limitations of this procedure in terms of educational research approach within the framework of Hungarian career tracking research program. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 253-253 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=38&rid=1527 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301527 Classification-JEL: I28, I23, I21 Keywords: higher education, graduate career tracking, administrative data, online survey Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301527 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Ozel Author-Name-First: Ali Author-Name-Last: Ozel Author-Email: aliozel2002@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Dumlupinar University Author-Name: Emine Ozel Author-Name-First: Emine Author-Name-Last: Ozel Author-Email: ozelemine@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Dumlupinar University Author-Name: Servet Ozunal Author-Name-First: Servet Author-Name-Last: Ozunal Author-Email: ozunalservet@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Dumlupinar University Author-Name: Nurettin Bilgen Author-Name-First: Nurettin Author-Name-Last: Bilgen Author-Email: nbilgen@pamukkale.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Pamukkale University Title: IDENTIFYING LEARNING LEVELS OF THE NINTH GRADE STUDENTS VIA COMPUTER-BASED TEACHING TECHIQUES ON THE THEME ?THE SHAPE AND EFFECTS OF EARTH Abstract: This research aims to identify misunderstood concepts and measures the effects of the choice of method in minimizing misunderstanding in the section ?The shape and movements of the earth? in the chapter ?geographical location.? This research has been conducted with the experimental design model. An achievement test is the means used in data collection in this study. The measurement tool developed has been applied to 48 students who are the first-year students, studying at a private high school in Kutahya. In order to solve the sub-problems of the research, a two-way analysis of variance (repeated measures) has been done; the values of frequency, percentage and mean have been used. By making a literal questionnaire study, it has been identified that if there is a meaningful diversity among the success levels and genders of students; parents education and their income position, whether she or he has a computer at home. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 254-254 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=39&rid=1942 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301942 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Education of Geography, Movements in the world Shape, Concept Education Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Emine Özel Author-Name-First: Emine Author-Name-Last: Özel Author-Email: ozelemine@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Dumlupinar University Title: Circumstances of the Usage of Technological Tools in History Education in Elementary Level Abstract: Turkish history that expands over very broad lands and long periods of time is explained in the history topics in elementary grade six and seven in the social studies curriculum. To handle educational difficulties caused by this situation, educational technologies possessing many teaching strategies and concurrently addressing many sensory organs should be used. The aim of this research is to determine, aligned the views of students, grade six and seven social studies teachers? circumstances of the usage of educational technologies during the instruction of history topics in the scope of subject of social studies. For this purpose, 452 grade six and seven students attending the schools in Kutahya city center in the educational year of 2011-2012 were surveyed. In th?s research, it has been found that grade six and seven social studies teachers make no distinction between grade six and seven when using technological tools that, as compared to public schools, various technology is used more often in private schools, that the majority of the students find the use of technology in education beneficial, that an important portion of the teachers use technological tools occasionally in the teaching of history and that projectors, printers and photocopy machines are the most desired tools that students want to be used the most. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 255-255 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=40&rid=1827 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301827 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social Studies, History Chapters, Teaching Technologies, Teaching Technologies of Social Studies. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Pelletier Author-Name-First: Daniel Author-Name-Last: Pelletier Author-Email: daniel.pelletier@uqo.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Université du Québec en Outaouais Title: Management and structure of hospital alliances Abstract: Pooling resources, knowledge and technologies is a necessity in the health sector, both private and public. Many hospitals do so through alliances with compatible establishments, which have been studied from the organizational perspective for many years. However, many alliances are reported to fail, and the conditions which could foster their success are still not well known. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the administrative and governance structures of hospital alliances associated with reported positive outcomes. A questionnaire was mailed to a list of hospital administrators and directors from Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Canada. Respondents were required to fill out a series of fixed alternative questions as well as some open-ended items which dealt with their perception of and experiences with, inter-hospital alliances. Administrative and governance practices were ascertained and correlated with reported outcomes. Descriptive analysis and correlations were computed using IBM SPSS statistics software. Management practices pertaining to initiation, formalization, steering and operations of alliances were correlated with financial, treatment and corporate outcomes of the alliances. Characteristics significantly linked to perceived positive alliance outcomes include: clearly defined targets and their monitoring, governance by executive management and involving the board of directors, rather formal coordination mechanisms, a project champion and a written contract including conflict resolution mechanisms. Selected structures, processes and governance practices of hospital alliances are correlated with success and therefore worth taking into account when crafting an alliance. These conclusions are derived from a multinational study and therefore could be applicable across different systems of health care. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 256-269 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=41&rid=5 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300005 Classification-JEL: M10, D73, I18 Keywords: Alliance; Network; Hospital; Governance; Structure; Management. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300005 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Pelletier Author-Name-First: Daniel Author-Name-Last: Pelletier Author-Email: daniel.pelletier@uqo.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Université du Québec en Outaouais Author-Name: Chantal Mukiampele Author-Name-First: Chantal Author-Name-Last: Mukiampele Author-Email: daniel.pelletier@uqo.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Université du Québec en Outaouais Title: Furthering the use and scope of the Project Implementation Profile (PIP): Critical success factors for small scale livestock production foreign aid projects Abstract: Success factors have been extensively studied in the field of project management. The PIP (Project Implementation Profile), designed by Pinto & Slevin, is often used as an assessment method enabling project managers to identify critical success factors either at the beginning or at the end of projects. The PIP has been used mainly in the fields of construction and hi-tech development. Recently, adaptations of the PIP have been tested in other fields including foreign aid projects. The aim of this paper is to study the applicability of the PIP in the case of a small scale livestock production project conducted in a rural area of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A case study approach was used to assess the relative importance of each of the criteria outlined by Pinto & Slevin and to identify dimensions specific to the field of foreign aid projects which were not considered in the PIP. Results indicated that the PIP by itself does not take into account all the factors which are critical to achieve success in this field. Two essential dimensions must be added to encompass all the critical success factors: 1) the benevolent nature of many foreign aid projects which precludes in part formalization within a strict contractual approach; 2) the added risk factors which must be controlled when dealing with livestock production and human well-being as outputs. An adapted version of the PIP is proposed with the aim of generalizing its use both as an assessment tool and as a foreign aid project design framework. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 270-283 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=42&rid=627 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300627 Classification-JEL: F35, O19, O22 Keywords: project management; foreign aid; livestock, developing countries Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300627 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nina Ponikvar Author-Name-First: Nina Author-Name-Last: Ponikvar Author-Email: nina.ponikvar@ef.uni-lj.si Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Author-Name: Katja Zajc Kej?ar Author-Name-First: Katja Author-Name-Last: Zajc Kej?ar Author-Email: katja.zajc@ef.uni-lj.si Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Author-Name: Darja Peljhan Author-Name-First: Darja Author-Name-Last: Peljhan Author-Email: darja.peljhan@ef.uni-lj.si Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Title: Financial constraints and modes of market exit in Slovenian manufacturing and service firms Abstract: The recent financial and economic crisis has brought back the attention to studying the characteristics of surviving firms and those exiting the market. Among these characteristics the access to finance has received large attention, since the economic crisis decreased the availability of finance and increased its costs. Further, literature from industrial organization, entrepreneurship and strategic management all show that factors behind different types of firm exit decisions, such as bankruptcy, voluntary liquidation, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) differ. Our paper studies factors that influence the firm?s decision to exit the market by explicitly considering alternative firm exit modes. Our competing risk models are estimated with a standard multinomial logit model and the alternative multinomial probit model on the population of Slovenian firms in 2006-2012. We distinguish between (1) court driven exit as a result of bankruptcy or forced liquidation; (2) voluntary liquidation, (3) disappearances from the dataset as a result of mergers and acquisitions, and (4) termination based on a resolution/decision of the registration agency or according to the law. We argue that decision over whether to close down a business or to sell out to another company is influenced by financial constraints, firm specific characteristics (size, age, productivity, capital intensity), and industry factors. The paper tests whether different facets of financial constraints and other firm and industry level characteristics hold different degrees of relevance for alternative routes of the firm operations termination. In measuring financial constraints as antecedent to an exit event, we propose the exploratory factor analysis and derive to three dimensions of the financial constraint measure, i.e. liquidity, operational-efficiency factor, and profitability factor and in this way contribute to the financial constraints literature. We contribute to the firm exit literature by showing that court-driven exit, voluntary liquidation and M&A follow diverse exit routes driven by different firm level and industry characteristics. We find that the main difference between bankrupt and liquidated firms is that the choice of exiting through voluntary liquidation is characterized by economic distress while firms choosing to exit by bankruptcy are firms in financial and economic distress. Economically distressed firms have bad prospects because of low or negative profitability and little opportunity for improvement. The main characteristic of financially distressed firms is high leverage level causing problems in repaying debts. Firms that decided to exit by M&A usually have profitability problems, but are not financially distressed. Length: 2 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 284-285 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=43&rid=69 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300069 Classification-JEL: G32, L25, C23 Keywords: firm exit, financial constraints, bankruptcy, liquidation, merger and acquisition (M&A) Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300069 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Partha Ray Author-Name-First: Partha Author-Name-Last: Ray Author-Email: pray@iimcal.ac.in Author-Workplace-Name: Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Author-Name: Vinodh Madhavan Author-Name-First: Vinodh Author-Name-Last: Madhavan Author-Email: vinodh.madhavan@iiml.ac.in Author-Workplace-Name: Indian Institute of Management Lucknow Title: Price and Volatility Linkages between Indian Stocks and their European GDRs Abstract: This paper tests for relationship between Indian GDRs traded in Luxembourg / London and their underlying shares traded in Mumbai at two levels, viz., (a) between the stock prices at two exchanges; and (b) between the volatilities of the stock prices between the two exchanges. The relationship is studied between the GDR price and the domestic share price along with the appropriate exchange rates (INR-EUR/INR-GBP), the foreign stock market index (LuXX/FTSE100) and the NSE/BSE-listed national stock index (Nifty/Sensex) using Level VAR models and DCC-GARCH models. Our sample comprises of Luxembourg GDRs issued by Ambuja Cements, Indiabulls Financial Services, IndusInd Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Sterling International Enterprises, Tata Motors, Tata Power, and United Spirits; and London GDRs issued by the following companies, viz., Larsen & Toubro, State Bank of India, Axis Bank and Tata Steel. The results indicate strong association between the GDR prices and their underlying stocks. To be specific, VAR outcomes indicate that there is quite a bit of similarity between the two prices of scrips considered for this study ? one trading in Mumbai and the other trading in Luxembourg (London). Further, DCC-GARCH model outcomes indicate that, there is by and large, high dynamic correlation between Indian GDRs traded in Luxembourg (London) and their underlying stocks listed in Mumbai. Further, we found the price and volatility linkages between GDRs listed in London Stock Exchange (LSE) and their underlying scrips trading in NSE to be qualitatively similar to the findings obtained in connection with Luxembourg GDRs. Such similarity in findings, notwithstanding the difference in degree of information disclosure requirements at London and Luxembourg, reflects the stock-exchange-invariant nature of Law of One Price (LOOP), which in turn is indicative of a less significant impact of foreign stock exchange per se, when it comes to price dynamics of dually-listed Indian stocks. Length: 35 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 286-320 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=44&rid=812 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300812 Classification-JEL: C22, G15 Keywords: Stock Prices, Dual listing, GDR, India, Vector Autoregression, DCC-GARCH. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300812 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ibrahim Erem Sahin Author-Name-First: Ibrahim Erem Author-Name-Last: Sahin Author-Email: eremsahin@selcuk.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: SELCUK UNIVERSITY Author-Name: Mehmet Mucuk Author-Name-First: Mehmet Author-Name-Last: Mucuk Author-Email: mehmetmucuk@selcuk.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: SELCUK UNIVERSITY Title: The Effect of Current Account Deficit on Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey Abstract: Current account deficit ise a measurement of a country?s trade in which the value of goods and services it imports exceeds the value of goods and services it exports. Current account deficit has an important role on economic growth for developing countries. The objective of this study is to analyse the relationship between economic growth and current account deficit for Turkey using time series analysis. For this purpose, Gross Domestic Product and Current Account Deficit data of Turkey between the quarterly data including 2002-2013 were used. Empirical findings show that current account deficit affect economic growth negatively for Turkish economy. Length: 10 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 321-330 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=45&rid=1828 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301828 Classification-JEL: A19, F40, F43 Keywords: Current Account Deficit; Economic Growth; Time Series Analysis; Turkish Economy Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ravan Samadov Author-Name-First: Ravan Author-Name-Last: Samadov Author-Email: ravan.samadov@bristol.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Bristol Title: Right to compensation for unlawful deprivation of liberty: the legislation of Azerbaijan in the light of international and European standards Abstract: The Republic of Azerbaijan is a developing European country which regained its independence following the collapse of the USSR in 1991. As a young country Azerbaijan may face particular challenges with regard to human rights, above and beyond the more mainstream problems. However, it should be stressed that Azerbaijan has striven to improve the situation by enacting substantial legal and institutional reforms, as well as by becoming party to numerous international and regional treaties aimed at protection and promotion of human rights. According to the Constitution of Azerbaijan international treaties to which Azerbaijan is party become an indivisible part of the domestic legislature, and should have direct applicability. However, these treaties should be incorporated into domestic legislation for their better understanding and due application and such incorporation should be applied consistently and continuously, taking into consideration the jurisprudence of the relevant treaty bodies.The paper aims to illuminate the existing situation of ensuring the right to compensation as a procedural guarantee for legitimate deprivation of liberty for the purposes of criminal justice in the Republic of Azerbaijan and to determine the existing challenges. As the right to compensation is one of the core rights of persons deprived of liberty, which, as international standards require, must be ensured for the legitimacy of detention. Particular attention is paid to the compliance of domestic legislation with international and European standards, and the shortcomings, collisions and paradoxes of the national legislative system itself.Given that the relative paucity of legal-scientific research in this field in Azerbaijan, particularly with regard to compliance with international and European standards, this paper seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge.*The paper is based on the author?s LLM dissertation submitted to the University of Leeds (2012) Length: 7 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 331-337 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=46&rid=1941 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301941 Classification-JEL: Keywords: legitimate deprivation of liberty; right to compensation; criminal justice; Azerbaijan Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301941 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Simonet Author-Name-First: Daniel Author-Name-Last: Simonet Author-Email: dsimonet@aus.edu Author-Workplace-Name: American University of Sharjah Title: Post-NPM Reforms or Administrative Hybridization in French Health Care? Abstract: France adopted its own version of New Public Management (NPM), embracing some of its elements (quasi-markets) and rejecting others (French administrative reforms pursued a re-centralization agenda rather than NPM-endorsed disaggregation). Clear trends emerge such as the added complexity of the public management exercise. Outcomes were below expectations in core areas including accountability, physician and citizen participation. Moreover, NPM revived bureaucratic inadequacies. The paper subsequently examines health care reforms. Rather than pointing to a post-NPM paradigm, these indicate convergence toward a hybrid system. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 338-338 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=47&rid=152 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300152 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aelita Skarzauskiene Author-Name-First: Aelita Author-Name-Last: Skarzauskiene Author-Email: aelita@mruni.eu Author-Workplace-Name: Mykolas Romeris University Author-Name: Monika Maciuliene Author-Name-First: Monika Author-Name-Last: Maciuliene Author-Email: maciuliene@mruni.eu Author-Workplace-Name: Mykolas Romeris university Author-Name: Viktorija Stokaite Author-Name-First: Viktorija Author-Name-Last: Stokaite Author-Email: v.stokaite@mruni.eu Author-Workplace-Name: Mykolas Romeris university Author-Name: Taurimas Valys Author-Name-First: Taurimas Author-Name-Last: Valys Author-Email: taurimas@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Mykolas Romeris university Title: Empowering patients and professionals: case of Lithuanian e-health system Abstract: New technologies change our social ? economic everyday life by making considerable impact on its quality. The healthcare in the meantime is becoming more and more dependent on information and communication technologies, which enable the development of high quality healthcare services. The deployment of new ICTs has the potential to increase organisational efficiency of healthcare providers, change the processes of work organisation and create the conditions for electronic patient information exchange between healthcare providers according to the nationally agreed standards. The main idea of the paper is a proposition that the engagement of various stakeholder groups into the process of e-Health development has the potential to pave a more effective way of introducing innovation in healthcare sector and contribute to the greater sustainability of achieved changes. Quantitative research explored the extent and trends of the engagement and participation of stakeholder groups in the process of e-Health development in Lithuania. Length: 12 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 339-350 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=48&rid=1009 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301009 Classification-JEL: Keywords: e-Health, information technologies, social technologies, stakeholders, healthcare policy, public management, Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301009 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aneta Sokó? Author-Name-First: Aneta Author-Name-Last: Sokó? Author-Email: aneta.sokol@wzieu.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Univeristy of Szczecin Author-Name: Karolina Drela Author-Name-First: Karolina Author-Name-Last: Drela Author-Email: karolina.drela@wzieu.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Univeristy of Szczecin Title: Intellectual capital and deficit professions Abstract: At present more and more attention is paid to the development of intangible resources. In the literature there is a lot of evidence showing that these factors condition the development of contemporary economies and it is them that ensure competitiveness. But the key factor of the development is access to the personnel of the highest competences. Adequate education as well as proper competences and abilities can result in a success in the labour market through the classification to the group of workers who have no difficulty in getting , maintaining and changing the job, Just such workers do not have to be afraid of unemployment, as their performed profession belong to the scarce ones. Hence, the subject matter of the present paper are the problems that seem to be unusually important from the point of view of micro- or macro economic development. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 351-364 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=49&rid=1854 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301854 Classification-JEL: A10, A11, A14 Keywords: Intellectual capital, deficit professions Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lara Spiteri Cornish Author-Name-First: Lara Author-Name-Last: Spiteri Cornish Author-Email: l.cornish@coventry.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: Coventry Business School Title: The Impact of Nutrition Literacy and Source Credibility on Responses to Healthy Eating Campaigns Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of flawed or limited nutrition knowledge on the perception of healthy eating, healthy foods and subsequent dietary behavior. Nutrition can be seen as the end result of many pushes and pulls, and a response to multiple forces that create an overall nutrition environment (Blaylock et al. 1999). One such pull is the rise of healthy-eating communications and social marketing campaigns devised by policy makers, who seek to encourage healthier dietary habits among consumers. Indeed, the dramatic rise in obesity in recent years (Finkelstein et al 2012; Stevens et al 2012) has prompted academic discourse to assist the development of interventional public policies (Andreasen 2012), along with a number of healthy-eating campaigns (e.g. "Eat4Life" and ?5-a-day Campaign? in the UK). This pull, in turn, has resulted in a push response by the food industry in the form of creating brand new foods marketed as healthier or healthy (Wansink 2007; Menrad 2003; Kleinschmidt 2003; Diplock et al. 1999; Lahteenmaki 2003), to convey a better fit with the new healthier eating paradigm without necessarily being healthier than their alternatives. Such push has also meant new ideas and concepts about healthy eating and healthy foods (Nestle 2007; Pollan 2009; Block et al. 2011).This push-pull dynamics has caused increased consumer awareness of the importance of eating healthily (Zaninotto et al. 2009; COI/Department of Health 2009). However, it has also created much scope for consumer confusion. In fact, despite increased consumer awareness of the need to eat healthily, dietary patterns have not improved (Produce for Better Health Foundation 2009; European Food Information Council 2012). Concerns about unhealthy dietary patterns have led to a growing literature in consumer behavior relating to the impact of food communication on food consumption (Verbeke 2008; Hornik 2007; Fitzgibbon et al. 2007; Randolph and Viswanath 2004; Jebb et al. 2003; Snyder 2007). A number of negative psychological consequences of healthy-eating communications which might lead to resistance to comply with desirable nutrition behavior were identified (e.g. denial, excess fear), and recommendations were made with regard to how campaigns can be modified to result in increased uptake of the desired behavior (e.g. Peattie and Peattie 2009; Evan and Hastings 2009). The implicit assumption in this literature is that the high level of consumer awareness regarding healthy-eating communications, combined with the lack of positive change in healthy eating, means that these messages are failing to persuade consumers to implement the compliant dietary behavior (Guttman and Salmon 2004; Hornik 2002; Evan and Hastings 2009; Girandola 2000). This paper moves away from this assumption and seeks to answer the following question: is consumer confusion regarding nutrition information affecting nutrition knowledge and literacy, and what are the impacts of poor nutrition literacy on consumer perceptions of healthy eating, healthy foods, and consequent dietary behaviors? In order to address this research question, the paper draws on consumer confusion theory (Mitchell et al. 2005; Mitchell and Papavassiliou 1999), and argues, as do Block et al. (2011), that having nutrition knowledge is not sufficient to change consumers? food consumption. Consumers need appropriate nutrition literacy and it goes beyond having healthy-eating knowledge; it encompasses having the ?right information? (i.e. legitimate knowledge), the ability to understand such information (i.e. nutrition self-efficacy), as well as the opportunity and motivation to use such nutrition knowledge in order to make healthy food choices that lead to overall healthier diets (Block et al. 2011). This research presents an alternative explanation as to why consumers are failing to implement healthy dietary behaviors. The authors discuss how often consumers do respond to healthy-eating communications, but they do so from their level of nutrition understanding. Many consumers are confused due to limited or flawed nutrition knowledge, resulting in poor nutrition literacy and the implementation of dietary changes that contravene the intentions of health messages. This paper offers a new perspective on the impact of healthy-eating communications and food consumption, and leads to relevant implications for nutrition researchers, policy makers, and marketing managers, at a time when healthy eating is high on the policy-making agenda (Scammon et al. 2011). Length: 2 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 365-366 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=50&rid=808 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300808 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Nutrition literacy; nutrition knowledge; source credibility; confusion Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300808 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tihomir Staykov Author-Name-First: Tihomir Author-Name-Last: Staykov Author-Email: tihomir_staykov@abv.bg Author-Workplace-Name: Research Sector of University Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov - Burgas, Bulgaria Author-Name: Pepa Hadzhieva Author-Name-First: Pepa Author-Name-Last: Hadzhieva Author-Email: p_hadzhieva@abv.bg Author-Workplace-Name: Bulgarian National Audit Office Title: Challenges before Bulgarian state universities for development of financial management and control systems in spending public funds Abstract: After accession of Bulgaria to the European Union, the Bulgarian government performed new initiatives and some actions related to the implementation of major reforms in the field of financial control, in order to ensure good financial management of public funds. Among several new acts, the Financial Management and Control in the Public Sector Act was focused on managerial accountability and requires the managers of public sector organisations to manage resources so as to achieve the objectives of the organisation, and to ensure the protection of public interests. They have an obligation to introduce adequate and effective financial management and control systems and to ensure the internal audit function. ?Prof. D-r Assen Zlatarov? University is the only state university in Southeastern Bulgaria. The University faced the challenge of designing and implements a system for financial management and control after legislative amendments that were passed to implement the adopted strategy for the overall development of public internal financial control in Bulgaria after 2006. Difficulties have risen from the differentiation of the various components of the integrated framework for financial management and control, as well as misunderstanding how important the implementation of these systems is. The internal rules adopted by that time have launched a dynamic process of development of the internal controls in this public institution. In 2012, the financial management and control system of the University was updated in accordance with five interrelated components, based on the Integrated Internal Control Framework, as well as with the organisational structure and its specific activities, contributing to the consistent application of the regulatory framework in the country. The financial management and control is carried out through financial management and control systems, including policies, procedures and internal rules established by the management of the organisations for the purposes of providing reasonable assurance that the goals of the organisation have been achieved through: 1. Compliance with legislation and internal acts and contracts; 2. Reliability, comprehensiveness and accuracy of financial and operational information; 3. Economy, efficiency, effectiveness and transparency of operations; 4. The safeguarding of assets and information; 5. Promoting compliance with prescribed management policies.One of the biggest challenges facing Bulgarian higher education institutions in the implementation of the financial management and control is the process of risk management, which should provide a better understanding of potential threats, actions or events that may positively or negatively affect the ability of public institutions to achieve their objectives. Length: 15 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 367-381 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=51&rid=1950 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301950 Classification-JEL: M48, A19 Keywords: Internal control, Financial Management and Control Systems, IICF Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301950 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Vicki TenHaken Author-Name-First: Vicki Author-Name-Last: TenHaken Author-Email: tenhaken@hope.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Hope College Title: Designing Study Abroad Programs to Develop Global Competencies for the Twenty-First Century Organization Abstract: The 2011 QS Global Employer Survey of over 10,000 recruiters worldwide indicates that employers actively seek and give preference to college graduates who had studied abroad. Six out of ten employers said they give "extra credit" for a student's international experience and more than 80 percent said they actively seek graduates who had studied abroad. The value employers place on a student's study abroad experience grows significantly as program length increases. Though this study suggests there is a connection in employers' minds between overseas study and the development of certain interpersonal skills, students who participate in short-term programs need to make an extra effort to describe their experience in such a manner that convinces prospective employers their time abroad developed the intercultural competence employers expect. Today's students must be prepared to interact with people and cultural situations that may differ significantly from their life experiences to date. The multi-cultural work environment within the United States reflects a microcosm of the global community, so intercultural competence not only prepares an individual for the global economy of the twenty-first century, it also provides skills for managing a more diverse workforce at home. In the same study in which employers said they value personal intercultural and global competencies, recruiters indicated they are not strongly convinced that many study abroad programs enhance these skills. Students must learn to express how the study abroad experience enhanced their knowledge and ability to work effectively in a global society. Intercultural sensitivity has long been recognized as a necessary skill for effective intercultural competence. To develop the intercultural sensitivity needed for global interactions, one must learn to understand, respect, and appreciate both surface and deep-level cultural differences and then also be able to adapt one's behavior as appropriate. Short-term programs, even those with advance academic work to learn about the culture(s) being visited, seldom go beyond the first step of developing intercultural sensitivity, that of increasing knowledge of other cultures. Because of the "island" or "bubble" syndrome of many short-term study abroad programs, students are often not faced with challenging interpersonal situations or the need to adapt their behavior. It is especially important, therefore, that faculty members leading short-term study abroad programs design them to be more than travel and tour experiences and include exercises that encourage students to articulate how their study abroad experience has affected the areas of personal growth that leads intercultural competence. Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 382-394 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=52&rid=30 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300030 Classification-JEL: M53, A22, I21 Keywords: Study abroad, global business, cultural competence Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300030 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Melania Terrazas Gallego Author-Name-First: Melania Author-Name-Last: Terrazas Gallego Author-Email: melania.terrazas@unirioja.es Author-Workplace-Name: University of La Rioja Author-Name: Javier Martín Arista Author-Name-First: Javier Author-Name-Last: Martín Arista Author-Email: javier.martin@unirioja.es Author-Workplace-Name: University of La Rioja Title: Improving the Performance of English Language-Learners: A Teaching Innovation Project at University Level. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the increase in the overall performance of English by University learners of EFL during the first three semesters. Students received instruction in a Spanish institution of Higher Education located in a medium-sized town in north-western Spain. The level of English of these students was A2 (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, CEFR) when they started their University degree; subjects studied included Education, Humanities, Tourism and English Studies. The objective was to reach Level B1 (CEFR) within three semesters. The group comprised around 300 students, the vast majority of whom had recently finished secondary education, and were in their early twenties.Against a background consisting of students with differing training, interests and degrees of motivation, several teaching innovation projects were carried out by the Department of Foreign Languages at the University of La Rioja over the academic years 2009-2013. This report focuses on the project scheduled for 2010-2012 and specifically gauges students? academic achievement. The basis of the project was exposure to linguistic input, which was developed through autonomous learning rather than by classroom work. Autonomous learning placed more emphasis on oral skills, was guided and self-evaluated in a virtual classroom, and encompassed a wide selection of teaching materials, both written and oral. These were taken from a variety of English courses, grammars, and books engaging specific skills, as well as from online tools and resources.The results show an increase in the overall performance of the students of English enrolled in the subjects comprised by the project. The average overall performance by students in English Studies increased 7.34% between 2010 and 2012. Increases were also observed in other degrees involving English. For example, the average overall performance in Infant Education increased by 6.28%. The highest increase, at 11.87%, occurred in the Primary Education degree. These improvements can be attributed to the teaching innovation project because the other variables involved did not undergo significant changes. In the current academic year, new initiatives have been adopted that, together with the ones discussed in this paper, are witnesses to a culture of constant teaching innovation. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 395-395 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=53&rid=946 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300946 Classification-JEL: I23 Keywords: Performance, EFL University students, teaching and innovation. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nipawan Thirawat Author-Name-First: Nipawan Author-Name-Last: Thirawat Author-Email: nipawan.thi@mahidol.ac.th Author-Workplace-Name: Mahidol University International College, Business Economics Program, Business Administration Division Author-Name: Pathomdanai Ponjan Author-Name-First: Pathomdanai Author-Name-Last: Ponjan Author-Email: yoddoy@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Fiscal Policy Office, Ministry of Finance, Bangkok Title: Thailand?s Flood Management Policy: Issues, Developments and Implications for the Thai Tourism Industry Abstract: This paper aims to propose initiatives for flood management in order to prevent and alleviate the instability of tourism flows and economic loss of tourism industry, including cultural heritage tourism. Urbanisation and changeable demographics of floodplains and flood behaviour as well as the climate change have increased the exposure to flood risk in Thailand. Thai tourism sector was heavily affected by the floods in 2011. The disaster caused severe damages and losses such as a slowdown in income and a decline in the number of foreign tourists. Nonetheless, the negative impacts can be mitigated. Proper countermeasures include the developments of a proactive and integrated disaster risk management policy and effective non-structural strategies. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 396-409 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=54&rid=1173 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301173 Classification-JEL: Q54, H59 Keywords: Flood management policy; Disaster risk management; Tourism industry; Developing countries; Thailand; Non structural strategies; Impacts of flood Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiung-Hui Tseng Author-Name-First: Chiung-Hui Author-Name-Last: Tseng Author-Email: ctseng@mail.ncku.edu.tw Author-Workplace-Name: National Cheng Kung University Title: The Moderating Role of Alliance Scope in Solving Partner Differences and Dilemma of Cooperative Form Choice Abstract: In the past decade, forming alliances has become a popular strategy among firms, and substantial attention has been paid to the selection of a suitable governance form, in particular equity versus non-equity mode. Such a strategic choice is important in that an alliance teams up multiple firms that are divergent, to some extent, in upstream resource endowment and/or downstream market coverage. To bridge inter-partner differences and facilitate cooperation, it becomes necessary to select an appropriate governance structure to organize the collaborative activities. Indeed, studies based on transaction cost economics have provided a guideline that an equity alliance should be formed if the partnership is exposed to greater risks of opportunism and contractual hazards, which are primarily shaped by the degree of asset specificity, observability, and appropriability. Despite adherence to such a tenet, prior studies have seemed to prescribe conflicting cooperative strategies in governing the inter-organizational differences. As previous research noted that alliance scope also plays a crucial role in influencing the probability of partners? opportunism, it is essential to take into account the contingency of alliance scope in the quandary of the partner discrepancy-governance choice relationship. In determining a pertinent collaborative form, this study seeks to remedy prior oversight by considering concurrently ?how disparate partnering firms are from each other? and ?how vast the domain of collective activities is performed?. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 410-410 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=55&rid=286 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300286 Classification-JEL: Keywords: strategic alliance; governance choice; interfirm difference; alliance scope Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Davide Vannoni Author-Name-First: Davide Author-Name-Last: Vannoni Author-Email: davide.vannoni@unito.it Author-Workplace-Name: University of Torino Title: CORRUPTION, ACCOUNTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY. AN APPLICATION TO MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SERVICES Abstract: The paper models the determinants of inefficiency in a framework in which politically connected local monopolies organize the provision of a local public service. We first use a standard career concern approach of political agency to model the relation between voters observability of the managerial behavior and political accountability. We then enrich our setting, by explicitly introducing corruption. Following the World Banks denition (World Bank, 1997), we regard corruption as the abuse of public office for private gain. Using Dal Bò and Rossi's (2007) approach, we then characterize a corrupt environment as one where private benets from diverting managerial effort away from the productive process are substantial . We show that corruption distorts managerial effort incentives, leading to an increase in the extent of inefficiency. We derive the implication that inefficiency is greater for waste operators located in more corrupt regions, and in regions where voters are less informed. We test these predictions using a rich unique micro dataset on the solid waste collection and disposal activity in Italy, which includes more than fivevhundred municipalities observed in the years 2004-2006. We use a stochasticvcost frontier approach to analyze the e¤ects of accountability and corruption on the costs of providing municipal solid waste (MSW) services throughout Italy. We measure accountability by newspapers readership and electoral participation, and corruption by the number of criminal charges against the State, public governments and social institutions. The empirical evidence supports our predictions. We find that both accountability and corruption have an impact, in the expected direction, on the costs of MSW services. Moreover, by enriching our cost frontier specication, we obtain some interesting additional insights. In particular, we find that the impact of accountability on reducing inefficiency is smaller or even disappears when municipalities organize the service in-house or join a intermunicipal consortium, while corruption is less of harm to efficiency when municipalities are ruled by left-wing parties. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 411-411 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=56&rid=408 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300408 Classification-JEL: D24, D73, Q53 Keywords: corruption, accountability efficiency, solid waste Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Zsuzsanna Veroszta Author-Name-First: Zsuzsanna Author-Name-Last: Veroszta Author-Email: veroszta.zsuzsanna@educatio.hu Author-Workplace-Name: Educatio Public Services Non-profit LLC Author-Name: Szilvia Nyüsti Author-Name-First: Szilvia Author-Name-Last: Nyüsti Author-Email: nyusti.szilvia@educatio.hu Author-Workplace-Name: Educatio Public Services Non-profit LLC Title: Institutional effects on Bachelor-Master level transition ? a case of Hungary Abstract: The results presented are based on the analysis of transition from higher education to work or further training. The study is focused on exploring determinants of BSc graduates? decision to continue their studies at MA level or to enter the labor force in the context of the ?Bologna-type? linear educational system introduced in Hungary in 2007. In our approach BA/MA transition is considered as an educational selection mechanism (Shavit and Blossfeld, 1993; Shavit et. al, 2007; Breen et. al, 2009) which is determined by several socio-demographic, meritocratic and institutional effects as it has been previously studied in the Hungarian context (Veroszta, 2013). In the current study we focus on the institutional determinants of decision between further study or labor market transition. The main research question is that after controlling for several background variables (i.e. social composition of the student body, excellence of students, academic staff or faculties, marketability of training) how to identify the components of institutional effects on transition. During the study a number of indicators - such as regional characteristics, institutional structure, training supply - are considered as institutional background variables. The paper applies explanatory models in order to respond the research questions. Many of data of the Hungarian Graduate Career Tracking System was integrated into the model from different databases. The analysis of the institutional effects is based on the administrative dataset of the Hungarian Higher Education Information System (FIR) covering the entire population of BSc graduates in a given year. Other effects are operationalized as macro level variables, created from a number of parallel data sources and linked into pre-defined institutional and training subgroups. Some of these macro level variables come from online survey based graduate career tracking database, while others come from the administrative dataset of the centralized Hungarian higher education admission system. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 412-412 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=57&rid=1528 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301528 Classification-JEL: I23, I24, I29 Keywords: higher education, transition, bachelor, master, institutional effects Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301528 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maruska Vizek Author-Name-First: Maruska Author-Name-Last: Vizek Author-Email: mvizek@eizg.hr Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Economics Zagreb Author-Name: Marina Tkalec Author-Name-First: Marina Author-Name-Last: Tkalec Author-Email: mvizek@eizg.hr Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Economics Zagreb Title: THE PRICE TAG OF TOURISM: DO SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES DEPENDENT ON TOURISM REVENUES EXPERIENCE HIGHER PRICES OF GOODS AND SERVICES? Abstract: Although theoretical models describing the influence of tourism on welfare of the host economy suggest that increase in prices is a direct outcome of intensified tourism activity, so far this outcome has not been put to the empirical test. Therefore, we use panel data models on a data set covering EU new member states and candidate countries (Montenegro and Turkey) in order to investigate the relationship between tourism dependence and the price level. Along with modeling the overall price level, we also separately model the price level of consumer goods, price level of consumer services, and price level of goods and services associated with tourism consumption (hotels and restaurants, recreation and culture, transportation, and food and beverages). Thereby, we control for other factors that commonly influence the price level of an economy, such as income, productivity, trade openness, money and fiscal dominance. Our results suggest that a dominant tourism sector increases the overall price level in the economy. This effect is however much stronger for prices of consumer services, in particular for prices of recreation and culture and hotel and restaurants. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 413-428 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=58&rid=1622 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301622 Classification-JEL: C33, E31, L83 Keywords: price level, tourism activity, panel data models, small open economies, European Union. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: YAN WANG Author-Name-First: YAN Author-Name-Last: WANG Author-Email: ywang@ipm.edu.mo Author-Workplace-Name: MACAO POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Title: Analysis on the Life-and-death Attitude of Nursing Bachelor Students from Macao and Mainland China Abstract: Objectives: To describe and analysis the life-and-death attitude of nursing bachelor students from Macao and Mainland China. Method: Using the Scale of Life Attitude, a census was carried out in 461 students. 455 effective scales were collected. 209 and 246 papers were collected from Macao and Mainland China respectively. The scale was made up of six dimensions: ideal, life autonomy, existence, love-and-care, life experience and death attitude. The Cronbachâ??sαis .946. Results: â??1Mainland China students have higher scores(365.2±43.9) than Macao students(341.8±42.3) in life-and-death attitude, and they gain higher score in dimensions of ideal, life autonomy, existence, love-and-care, and life experience?? P>0.05???, â??2Females have higher scores(357.4±44.5) than males(342.8±43.7) in life-and-death attitude, and they gain higher score in dimensions of ideal, existence, and love-and-care?? P>0.05???, â??3Students with religion have higher scores(367.9±44.5) than students without religion(352.9±44.5) in life-and-death attitude, and they gain higher score in dimensions of ideal, and love-and-care?? P>0.05???, â??4Students coming from the families who discuss death frankly have higher scores(366.6±43.8) in life-and-death attitude, and they gain higher score in all dimensions?? P>0.05???, â??5Students with suicide idea have lower score in life-and-death attitude, and students with more-than-once suicide idea have lower score(340.2±45.6) in dimensions of ideal, existence and life experience?? P>0.05???. â??6Students with excellent interpersonal relationship have higher scores(383.6±42.7) in life-and-death attitude. â??7Scores of life-and-death attitude show no difference between students from the higher income families and the lower income families. Conclusion: â??1Female, having religion, discussing death frankly in family, and good interpersonal relationship are positive factors to life-and-death attitude. Suicide ideal is negative factor to life-and-death attitude. â??2Family incomes show no effects on the life-and-death-attitude of students. â??3Although all belongs to China, Macao and Mainland China have different social system. The culture background and economic development have big differences. The reasons that cause the differences in the life-and-death attitude of bachelor nursing students from the two areas need further research. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 429-429 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=59&rid=247 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0300247 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Life-and-death Attitude , Nursing Bachelor Students ,Macao Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0300247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ru-Jer Wang Author-Name-First: Ru-Jer Author-Name-Last: Wang Author-Email: edurjw14@ntnu.edu.tw Author-Workplace-Name: National Taiwan Normal University Title: Internationalization Indicators for Higher Education Evaluation ? The Case of Taiwan Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the current role of internationalization in the QA (quality assurance) evaluations of institutions of higher education in Taiwan. The method of documentary analysis was employed in the study. Firstly, a brief description of the structure and contents of this paper is presented. This is followed by an overview of the three organizations currently conducting QA for universities in Taiwan. Based on the results, the following conclusions are made: First of all, in terms of internationalization as an indicator for higher education evaluation, of the three QA agencies in Taiwan, only the IEET takes it into account; in contrast, the other two, the HEEACT, and the TWAEA, do not. Second, it is widely accepted that international competence is essential in a globalized employment market. Finally, although a diversity of evaluation indicators is to be expected, some indicators should be seen as universal, including internationalization. Length: 7 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 430-436 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=60&rid=1769 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301769 Classification-JEL: I23 Keywords: internationalization, higher education, evaluation, Taiwan Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ming-Lieh Wu Author-Name-First: Ming-Lieh Author-Name-Last: Wu Author-Email: mlwu@ncnu.edu.tw Author-Workplace-Name: Dean of Student Affairs Office, and Professor of Graduate Institute of Adult and Continuing Education, National Chi Nan University, Taiwan Author-Name: Angel, Hsi-I Chen Author-Name-First: Angel, Hsi-I Author-Name-Last: Chen Author-Email: angelchen@mail.ncyu.edu.tw Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Graduate Institute of Public Policy, and Director of International Cooperation, Office of International Affairs,National Chiayi University Title: The Development of A Learning Society in Taiwan Abstract: Lifelong learning is an essential mode of living and a key element for enhancing self-development as well as national competitiveness in this modern society. Ever since 1990, international institutions and nation states all over the world have been actively engaged in promoting lifelong learning. Some even regard the development of lifelong learning as a great social movement in the era. Lately, Taiwan has also put great efforts in shaping a lifelong learning society. Several policies were made and put into action; yet, a task of setting up a learning society has not fully accomplished, not to mention the gap of lifelong learning in the society is not eliminated. It is agreed that the gap in lifelong learning will also enlarge other gaps in knowledge, economics, culture and the society. All these gaps will not only extend the social exclusion but also hinder the social integration. Base on the reasons mentioned above, this study aims to explore the current social development of lifelong learning in Taiwan from an international point of view. It first investigates the major issues that Taiwan has encountered with on its way to building up a lifelong learning society, and then provides pragmatic strategies for constructing the future lifelong learning society in Taiwan, which include to establish various learning organizations, to boost learning towns and cities, to promote lifelong learning organizations, to improve the quality of the course and the personnel, and to cultivate lifelong learning citizens. Length: 18 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 437-454 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=61&rid=1848 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301848 Classification-JEL: Keywords: lifelong learning, learning society, learning Taiwan, adult learning Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301848 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Yan Author-Name-First: Jun Author-Name-Last: Yan Author-Email: Jun.Yan@csulb.edu Author-Workplace-Name: California State University, Long Beach Author-Name: Li Yan Author-Name-First: Li Author-Name-Last: Yan Author-Email: yanhujun@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Sincegol Business Service (Beijing) Co., Ltd Title: The Impact of Entrepreneur personal values on the organizational structure of small business Abstract: In this study we examine the impact of entrepreneur personal values on the organizational structure of small business. The leadership imperative theory suggests that entrepreneur's personal traits will have an impact on his or her style of management. We propose that the way a small business is structured, that is, its major structural characteristics, is not only determined by the strategic, technological and environmental factors, but also is influenced by the personal values of the owner(s) of the small business. An empirical analysis of data collected from more than 200 small businesses provide support to our hypotheses. The implications of the findings from this study are discussed in this paper. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 455-455 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=62&rid=1663 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301663 Classification-JEL: L26 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, personal values, organizational structure Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Giovanna Zanolla Author-Name-First: Giovanna Author-Name-Last: Zanolla Author-Email: giovanna.zanolla@supsi.ch Author-Workplace-Name: University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland Title: Why do children differ in mathematical competencies? The experience of a standardized test in the primary school of Canton Ticino, Switzerland. Abstract: Standardized tests are, as it is well known, a highly controversial and widely debated topic. On the one side they are considered a relatively objective tool for measuring student achievement that consumes little class time and produces useful information on which teachers, school administrators and policy makers can rely in order to assess and improve their classes or schools (Crescentini and Zanolla, 2013). On the other side, according to some authors, they only reveal students? knowledge during the very short timeframe in which the tests are administered (Boaler, 2003), the results are influenced by factors such as anxiety or time pressure (Buck, Ritter, Jenson & Rose, 2010) and reflect the inequities that already exist within schools and end up advantaging the students from higher socioeconomic statuses (Vigdor and Clotfelter 2003; Alon, 2010). Despite all the criticism, a recent project aimed at producing and administering a standardized test to evaluate mathematical competencies in the fourth class of primary school in Ticino, an Italian-speaking region of Switzerland, has brought some interesting findings about the pupils? weaknesses and strengths and the overall school system. The paper is aimed at presenting this test, which has involved almost 3,000 pupils, and at examining the main determinants of the results obtained by the pupils. The analysis of the impact of environmental, school, class, teacher, individual and household factors reveals that children?s scores differ considerably in relation to the district where the school is located (in Ticino there are 9 districts, each of which is a geographical area with its own inspector who is responsible for the quality of teaching), the family socioeconomic status, the nationality and the age of the pupil and the Math?s grade given by the teacher. While factors such as the school?s size, the urban/rural location of the community, the attendance of a multi-class, the teacher?s and the pupil?s gender exert a significant effect only on a part of the competencies that have been considered, class size, seems to be overall irrelevant. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2014-07 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Academic Conference, Reykjavik, Jul 2014, pages 456-469 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/11th-international-academic-conference-reykjavik/table-of-content/detail?cid=3&iid=63&rid=1888 File-Function: First version, 2014 Number: 0301888 Classification-JEL: I24, I29 Keywords: standardized test, determinants of learning, evaluation of competencies, primary school Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:0301888