Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rosario Adapon Turvey Author-Name-First: Rosario Author-Name-Last: Adapon Turvey Author-Email: rturvey@lakeheadu.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Lakehead University Title: Skills and Learning for Creating Sustainable Communities in Ontario, Canada Abstract: The paper presents a pilot study based on a survey of skills and learning in sustainable community development in Ontario, Canada for a country-wide research on place-making for building sustainable communities. Place-making is a transformative process of planning, designing and managing places, with people in mind. By definition, a ?small-urban municipality? (SUM) is a city or urban area with a population of 60,000 that have adopted an environmental action plan and/or economic development strategies to achieve economic prosperity and community sustainability. The research examines the ?skills question? in the labour market such as job mismatch, skills squeeze and shortage of critical talent in building sustainable communities. Its overarching goal is to provide insights on the learning needs, skill patterns and future capacities for sustainable community development (SCD) to establish highly skilled professionals in building sustainable communities. Its focus is on communities representing Southern and Northern communities that meet the population criterion. The pilot survey?s target population is 300 professionals of three groups. Group 1 is from local government (Mayors and/or Reeves) to get a local policy perspective; Group 2 from core occupations and professions comprising a broad mix of built-environment professions and public service professionals; and Group 3 are related professions such as regeneration officers and social workers. Group 2 professionals range from landscape architects, urban designers, engineers, environmental officers/managers, housing and welfare officers, urban planners, energy planners and economic development officers/managers. A survey of generic, specialist and technical skills and knowledge of future professionals were made for acquired and required skills by profession and group. For data analysis, the Likert scale data are to be analyzed using Mann-Whitney U (Zar 1996). Cronbach?s Alpha is used to provide an internal consistency estimate of test score reliability (Cronbach 1951). R (R Development Core Team 2008) and SPSS 20.0 (IBM 2011) statistical software packages will be used for all analyses. Projections of skill and workforce scale gaps with an evaluation model on knowledge and skills on the learning capacities of SUMs will be done as the current data is still preliminary. In driving the skills agenda to establish the capacity requirements in SUMs, the rationale is to promote meaningful skills development and strategic learning strategy in sustainability education through programs and courses that are responsive, proactive and complementary to the demands of contemporary SCD practice. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 1-1 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=001&rid=5876 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305876 Classification-JEL: Q56 Keywords: small urban municipalities, sustainable community development, place-making Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Adel Al-Bataineh Author-Name-First: Adel Author-Name-Last: Al-Bataineh Author-Email: atalba@ilstu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Illinois State University Author-Name: Jessica Gunn Author-Name-First: Jessica Author-Name-Last: Gunn Author-Email: albataineh2015@outlook.com Author-Workplace-Name: Illinois State University Title: Teachers? Perceptions of High-Stakes Testing Abstract: In recent years, the issue of high-stakes testing has been widely debated in the field of education. Studies have shown that high-stakes tests do little to promote learning in schools, yet there are still widely used. While many studies have examined how testing affects students, schools, and communities, little research has been done to determine how teachers perceive high-stakes tests. It is important for us to study not only how these tests impact our students, but how teachers feel about them as well. This study will use a structured survey to question elementary school educators from three Midwestern schools. The purpose of the study is to determine the viewpoints, opinions, and attitudes that teachers have regarding high-stakes tests. The results show that teachers feel there are some benefits to high-stakes testing, in that it allows students to be compared to their peers. The majority of teachers surveyed, however; felt the weakness of such testing outweighs the benefits. Teachers cite pressures from testing and feel that tests are not a valid way to assess what students know. Tests also shape curriculum in that more time is spent in tested subjects, while time spent in untested subjects is reduced or eliminated. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 2-15 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=002&rid=5865 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305865 Classification-JEL: I20, I29, I21 Keywords: High-Stake Testing, Assessment, Teacher Perceptions Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Samira Alayan Author-Name-First: Samira Author-Name-Last: Alayan Author-Email: samira.alayan@mail.huji.ac.il Author-Workplace-Name: Hebrew University of Jerusalem Title: Education and Learning in a multicultural society: the Case of Israel and the reflection of the School books Abstract: This paper examined history curricula and textbooks for the Palestinian - Arab living in the state of Israel, and they are citizen?s counts between 19-20 percent of the general population. In Israel when it comes to the minority in a society defines itself as a multicultural. This study found that the Israeli- Arab curriculum and textbooks are focused on promoting Jewish Israeli identity and Jewish history and Culture, based on the general Israeli education system, which is all geared toward teaching the love of the Jewish homeland, hailing the Zionist project. More the study showed that Textbooks aim to shape the social, cultural and political orientations of youth and adolescents and does not only convey facts but also shape the collective identity and memory. It also disseminates ideologies and justifications for claims of one?s own group in a wider conflict, as part of ensuring historical legitimacy. The study clearly shows that the Palestinian ?Israeli conflict is not religious based, but it is based on a nationalist background .The study followed an analytical approach ? involving analysis of the content of the books and others documents and resources. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 16-16 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=003&rid=5552 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305552 Classification-JEL: I24 Keywords: The Conflict in school books , The Arab -Israeli Conflict in school books , The power of school Books. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ilir Binaj Author-Name-First: Ilir Author-Name-Last: Binaj Author-Email: i.binaj@tpa-horwath.al Author-Workplace-Name: TPA Horwath Albania Title: An evaluation of money laudery in Albania using garvity model Abstract: This study focuses on the measurement of money laundering in Albania using the gravity model of Walker. "Walker Model" was developed for the first time in 1994, and has been used and updated recently. The study also shows that gravity models are made recently popular in international trade theory. Measuring the exact money laundering becomes increasingly important, both for political and economic reasons. Politically relates to the war effort against money laundering as for public and private sector, and evaluation of the effects for the measures taken. The knowledge of how much money is laundered, it is a necessary precondition for the legitimization of the anti-money laundering policies and prevention of economic, social, and political damages from money laundering.In the end important recommendations are given with regard to the fight against money laundering in Albania Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 17-17 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=004&rid=5820 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305820 Classification-JEL: O17, H26, K42 Keywords: Money laundering, Walker Gravity model, illegal transactions, black market, organized crime Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305820 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: BEYHAN BOLAK HISARLIGIL Author-Name-First: BEYHAN Author-Name-Last: BOLAK HISARLIGIL Author-Email: bhisarligil@meliksah.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: MELIKSAH UNIVERSITY Title: Metaphors of Istanbul in ?The Black Book? by Orhan Pamuk: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Architecture Design Abstract: This study presents the outcomes of the ?Interdisciplinary Design Studio? of the third year of first term in architectural design curriculum at the School of Architecture at Meliksah University in Turkey. In this studio, by extracting metaphors narrated on urban everyday life in the novel, the students are expected to design an exhibition space in Istanbul through reading ?The Black Book?, a ?personal encyclopedia of Istanbul? as it is coined by the author Orhan Pamuk. The aim of the project was to demonstrate the productive role of the literature that can be helpful for the development of not only numerous design concepts and design scenarios, but techniques as well corollary. Therefore, the outcome of the examples of studio works of the students demonstrating the process and techniques developed to design of an exhibition hall providing the visitors with an astonishing spatial experience of the narrative world of the novel is selected as a particular case for this study. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 18-18 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=005&rid=5817 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305817 Classification-JEL: I29 Keywords: Interdisciplinary Design Studio, Architecture Design Education, Novel, Orhan Pamuk, Exhibition Space, Metaphor. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305817 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ENES CET?N Author-Name-First: ENES Author-Name-Last: CET?N Author-Email: enes_cetin@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: TURKISH NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Title: Future of Exclusive Economic Zone Abstract: History shows us that strong states usually maritime nations are rigidly opposed to the limitation of the freedom of the seas, meanwile some other states assert the limited use of the maritime domain. As a result of the trend towards increasing sovereignty of some states over seas, the consept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) emerged in 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Convention provides certain economic rights and jurisdictions to the coastal states and sets forth some rights and duties to other states. However, the legal status of foreign military activities in the EEZ is ambiguous since it is not clearly defined in the Convention. As a consequence of this uncertainty, the legal status of the foreign military activities in the EEZ is interpreted from very different poiny of views by states. The diversity of the views causes conflicts for states from time to time. The above mentioned conflicts can affect the future of the EEZ which is at utmost importance for the use of the maritime domain. In this study; the history and the legal aspects of the EEZ should be assessed in general for predicting the future of the EEZ. Then, basic disputes over the legal status of foreign military activities in EEZ will be explored, and practices and interpretations of states will be mentioned briefly. Finally, this study will evaluate the issues about how the legal future of the EEZ might be shaped and how it should be. Length: 12 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 19-30 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=006&rid=5775 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305775 Classification-JEL: K33 Keywords: Exclusive Economic Zone, Law of the Sea, Future, Military Activities, Freedom of the Seas, 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, International Law. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305775 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kuan-Chou Chen Author-Name-First: Kuan-Chou Author-Name-Last: Chen Author-Email: kchen@purduecal.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Purdue University Calumet Title: Using Importance-Performance Analysis in Evaluating Service Learning Educational Quality Abstract: Importance-performance analysis enables education to evaluate and identify the major strengths and weaknesses of a courses? key success factors. This study attempts to understand instructors? expectations and perceptions of students? learning attitudes and shows the usefulness of the Importance-performance analysis grid in evaluating service learning projects benefits from instructors? perspectives in Indiana higher education. The study identified a list of 15 items from the service learning educational literature reviews, and each item was rated using a 5-point Likert scale. The importance-performance grid shows that 4 items fall into the ?Keep up the good work? quadrant, 5 items fall into the ?Concentrate here? quadrant, 4 items fall into the ?Low priority? quadrant, and 5 items fall into the ?Possible overkill? quadrant. The result of this study is expected to serve as a useful guideline for service learning course designers and future research. Implications of these results for practice and research are provided as result. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 31-31 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=007&rid=5900 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305900 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Importance-performance analysis, service learning, educational quality Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305900 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carin Chuang Author-Name-First: Carin Author-Name-Last: Chuang Author-Email: carin.chuang@purduecal.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Purdue University Calumet Title: The Critical Success Factors for ERP Implementation in Higher Education Abstract: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a cross-functional enterprise-wide information system. Many organizations report that ERP can bring significant reductions in transaction processing costs and hardware, software, and IT support staff, compared to the non-integrated legacy systems. Others report that ERP can be used in breaking down many former departmental and functional walls, which results in more flexible organizational structures, managerial responsibility, and workforce that can be easier to capitalize on new business opportunities. There has been plenty of research into critical success factors that are needed to successfully implement an ERP system in the business environment. However, very little of studies investigated the critical success factors of ERP implementation in higher education institutions. The critical success factors are the elements which are necessary for an organization or a project to achieve its mission. Hence, this study attempts to answer the research question: What are critical success factors for ERP system implementing in higher education? The objective of this study is to identify the critical success factors for ERP implementation in higher education. The study outcome contributes practical advice to both academics and practitioners. The information gathered in this study identifies the critical success factors that can serve as foundation to engage ERP implementation in higher education. The improved knowledge on the ERP implementation issues is not only help practitioners and researchers solve the ERP implementation problems, but also aid the higher education in future information system project experiences. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 32-32 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=008&rid=5901 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305901 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Critical Success Factor, ERP Implementation, Higher Education, Information System Project Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305901 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ANA DHAMO Author-Name-First: ANA Author-Name-Last: DHAMO Author-Email: anadhamo@libero.it Author-Workplace-Name: EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA Author-Name: IRIS DHAMO Author-Name-First: IRIS Author-Name-Last: DHAMO Author-Email: irisdhamo@libero.it Author-Workplace-Name: EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA Title: UNITED STATES E THE SUSPENTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE: FEAR OS SECURITY? Abstract: In this article I wanted to deal with an extremely important aspect of the United States Constitution: the suspension of constitutional guarantees.The United States throughout history have had several moments when the central government decided the suspension of constitutional guarantees (habeas corpus, habeas data to name a few) as a security measure to deal with the war or the states of exception. The American people, appealing to nationalist sentiments, has always supported the decisions of the US government in this regard, of course, not realizing the consequences and restrictions that they could make to their private lives.This article of the constitution, in my opinion, should be reviewed by the American constituents.It is not permissible in the country's free and democratic par excellence the restriction of rights and freedoms. The suspension of constitutional guarantees in a state of emergency, natural disaster and war periods can become a powerful weapon in the hands of the rulers whom can also use arbitrarily.This article will highlight the danger resulting from the suspension of constitutional guarantees, accompanied by examples of suspension of guarantees at different periods of American history, with an invitation to the American constituent to adopted the fundamental charter to recent standards on the prohibition of the suspension of guarantees to better protect their citizens. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 33-33 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=009&rid=5536 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305536 Classification-JEL: K33, H56 Keywords: suspention, guarantees, emergency, war, citizens, United States. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Adriana Espinosa Author-Name-First: Adriana Author-Name-Last: Espinosa Author-Email: aespinosa@ccny.cuny.edu Author-Workplace-Name: The City College of New York Author-Name: Aleksandr Tikhonov Author-Name-First: Aleksandr Author-Name-Last: Tikhonov Author-Email: aleksandrtikhonov26@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: The City College of New York Author-Name: Jay Jorgenson Author-Name-First: Jay Author-Name-Last: Jorgenson Author-Email: jjorgenson@mindspring.com Author-Workplace-Name: The City College of New York Title: Increasing Retention in Mathematics Courses: The role of self-confidence in Mathematics on Academic Performance Abstract: Underachievement rates in mathematics for the United States have been alarming for a long time. While the reasons have been studied at length, a large area pays close attention to self-confidence as predictor of academic performance. Most research on this area however, is based on high school students. This study extends this line of work by assessing self-confidence and its effect on academic performance among college students. Using quantile regression we show that self-confidence positively impacts class performance for the middle and bottom quantiles, but not the top 75th percent. These results imply that simple and costless confidence boosting exercises conducted in the classroom may have a positive impact on at risk students, and consequently retention. The results appear to be generalizable, rather than localized to summer school students. Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 34-46 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=010&rid=5468 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305468 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Retention, self-confidence, mathematics, Fennema-Sherman, academic performance Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Atulan Guha Author-Name-First: Atulan Author-Name-Last: Guha Author-Email: atulan.guha@iimkashipur.ac.in Author-Workplace-Name: Indian Institute of Management Kashipur Title: Exchange Rate Movement of Developing Countries like India: An Alternative Theoretical Framework Abstract: In the context of explaining exchange rate behaviour theories pertaining to the latter have been negligent with regard to the role of foreign exchange reserve. Either it has been excluded as a determinant or treated as a mere residual factor. Yet foreign exchange reserve has been playing a reasonably important role in determining the nominal exchange rate of countries, more specifically for developing countries with current account deficits coupled with substantial capital account surpluses leading to growth in growing foreign exchange reserve. This characteristic of the developing countries shares a similarity with India?s external balances. It may not hold true for the countries with currencies used as international money to a reasonable extent. This paper develops a theoretical framework, in order to understand the exchange rate movement for developing countries by keeping foreign exchange reserve in conjunction with capital flows at the centre stage. It also suggests that the movement of speculative capital needs to be restricted to avoid a currency crisis. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 47-60 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=011&rid=5716 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305716 Classification-JEL: F31, F32, F41 Keywords: Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange Reserve, Speculative Capital Flows Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Faruk GUNAL Author-Name-First: Faruk Author-Name-Last: GUNAL Author-Email: farukgunal_dha@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Turkish Naval War Collage Title: A Case Study over the Concept of ?Effectivités? to Decide Sovereignty over Disputed Islands: Malaysia/Singapor Abstract: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) announced its verdict on a territorial dispute between Singapore and Malaysia on 23 May 2008, involving the three marine features of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks, and South Ledge. Consequently, Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh awarded to Singapore and Middle Rocks to Malaysia. The Court found that sovereignty over South Ledge belongs to the State in the territorial waters of which it is located.In this Case, the ICJ decided by following a specific method; first, it described the geographical context, and next gave an overview of the complex historical background, then examined the positions of the Parties, legal status of the islands and applicable law, finally took the conduct of the Parties into consideration for the purpose of assessing and validating effectivités. Effectivités of the Parties seem to be decisive and have a direct effect on the verdict in this Case. This study shows that some categories of effectivités are legally significant and demonstrate à titre de souverain, but some are not. Additionally, it points out that not to protest the opponent?s activities with respect to the maritime features in dispute is seen as ?implied recognition? by the Court. Length: 15 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 61-75 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=012&rid=5737 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305737 Classification-JEL: K33 Keywords: Effectivités, Disputed Island, Sovereignty, International Court of Justice, Malaysia/Singapore Case, Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ömer Güngör Author-Name-First: Ömer Author-Name-Last: Güngör Author-Email: omergungor@outlook.com Author-Workplace-Name: Bülent Ecevit University Author-Name: Kadir Özdemir Author-Name-First: Kadir Author-Name-Last: Özdemir Author-Email: kadirozdemir73@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Bülent Ecevit University Title: Modelling the Effect of Irrigation on the Hydrological Outputs in Darlik Creek Watershed Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a comprehensive, well-established, distributed hydrological cycle and continuous time model that runs the hydrological response unit (HRU) as a basic computational unit. Amount of irrigation water is automatically applied to HRU during simulation by SWAT in response to a water deficit in the soil. The SWAT-CUP is a utility program which has been adopted to carry out the parameterization, calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis parameter uncertainty process for SWAT simulations. In this study, the hydrology of the Darlik Creek Watershed in Turkey has been modelled by the SWAT to determine effect of irrigation on hydrological outputs. SWAT-CUP has been used for calibration and validation purpose. The calibration and the validation process have been accomplished using data from one monitoring station. The model has been run for the 1976?1985 period, and while the 1981?1985 period has been used for calibration, the validation has spanned the 1976-1980 period. The monthly Nash?Sutcliffe, PBIAS and R2 (coefficient of determination) performance indicators for The Darlik monitoring station, which is located close to the watershed outlet, has shown values of 0.73, -4.6 and 0.78, respectively, for the calibration period, and 0.53, 14.6 and 0.66, respectively, for the validation period. In general, model simulation can be judged as satisfactory if NSE > 0.50, and if PBIAS 25% for streamflow (Moriasi et al. 2007). The comparison between model predictions and observations on the monthly basis for the Darlik monitoring station has indicated a good model performance. The effects of irrigation on hydrological outputs have been also investigated. Irrigation scenario has shown increases in watershed outlet stream flows by 67% for the whole year. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 76-76 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=013&rid=5643 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305643 Classification-JEL: Keywords: hydrologic modelling, irrigation, SWAT, SWATCup, Darlik Creek, calibration, validation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: HAKAN HISARLIGIL Author-Name-First: HAKAN Author-Name-Last: HISARLIGIL Author-Email: hhisarligil@meliksah.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: MELIKSAH UNIVERSITY Title: THE ?KELVIN CONJECTURE? IN MEDIVEAL ART IN THE MIDDLE EAST Abstract: This study brings a new outlook to the two dimensional decorative tiling in Medieval Art in the Middle East by exploring their three dimensional content in a scientific context. The results of the study suggest that the some abstract geometrical patterns used in decorative tiling are the clear evident of an ancient mathematical problem of space-filling known in the scientific literature as ?Kelvin Conjecture?. Like many other theories developed on the issue by a number of well-known thinkers such as Plato, Aristoteles, Pappus, Ibn Al-Salah, Ibn Rushd, and Kepler throughout history right up to the present day, ?Kelvin Conjecture? explores simply the answer to the problem of most efficient space-filling arrangement of similar cells of equal volume with minimum surface area. In 1887, Lord Kelvin proposed that the fourteen-face truncated octahedron with a slight curvature of the hexagonal faces was the most efficient form. Although it was outdated by the Weaire?Phelan structure discovered in 1993, the conjecture is still of the interest in the field of science investigating if there is a more efficient solution. Hence, in this study, by analyzing various examples of this particular tiling composed of superposed octagons as suggested by Hankin in 1905, it is concluded that the layout of these two dimensional decorative patterns represent the Kelvin conjecture in the Medieval Era. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 77-77 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=014&rid=5816 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305816 Classification-JEL: Z00, Z00 Keywords: Kelvin Conjecture, Medieval Art, Geometry, Ornament,Tiling. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Claire IsaBelle Author-Name-First: Claire Author-Name-Last: IsaBelle Author-Email: Claire.IsaBelle@uottawa.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Université d'Ottawa Author-Name: Hélène Vachon Author-Name-First: Hélène Author-Name-Last: Vachon Author-Email: helene.s.vachon@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Université d'Ottawa Author-Name: Ziad Maatouk Author-Name-First: Ziad Author-Name-Last: Maatouk Author-Email: zmaat072@uottawa.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Université d'Ottawa Title: eCAP : Videos to Help School Principals Implement PLCs Abstract: IntroductionIn Ontario, over the past few years, and despite some improvement in PISA test scores (CECM, 2012) and provincial testing (OQRE, 2014), studies have shown that Francophone students are still falling behind their Anglophone peers in several subjects, such as mathematics.Since 2005, the Ontario Ministry of Education has been asking their principals to implement a new organizational structure: a professional learning community (PLC). This practice, if well developed, generates many benefits. For teachers, it provides a way of working which contributes to professional satisfaction and development, and reduces non-attendance (Linder, Post and Calabrese, 2012). For students, we observed higher academic success and reduced absenteeism (Hord and Sommers, 2008). Several studies show that principals do not know how to implement PLCs because they have not received the required training (Cranston, 2007). Moreover, Marshall (2010) argues that some principals do not have the necessary competencies to implement PLCs. BackgroundEducators recognize the importance of shifting learning from the individual process prevalent in traditional schools, to a collaborative process that is aligned with the aim to improve student learning (DuFour, DuFour and Eaker, 2008). However, a few research studies have been conducted in primary and secondary Francophone schools in Ontario Leclerc and Moreau (2011) identified some conditions that principals must apply to successfully implement PLCs: vision/mission, collaborative culture, scheduled meetings and analysis of student data.Since studies have proven that a professional learning community contributes to professional development for teachers and academic success for students, the Ministry of Education strongly encourages principals to implement one in their school. To apply this new organizational structure, principals need the required competencies and knowledge regarding the conditions favoring the implementation of a PLC. Whereas some schools are considered advanced in their application of this model, others do not know how to implement the necessary changes (IsaBelle, Génier, Davidson and Lamothe, 2013).Methodology The aim of our study is to investigate how schools with advanced PLCs have been able to apply this novel structure. We performed qualitative research in eight elementary and secondary schools in Ontario. We interviewed and filmed eight principals, twenty teachers and three education leaders. ResultsIn addition to the common conditions previously identified as necessary for the implementation of a PLC, other key elements were discovered: responsibility for student success, commitment from the district school board, etc. Besides these results, online resources (videos) from eCAP will also be presented at the conference. Length: 2 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 78-79 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=015&rid=5725 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305725 Classification-JEL: I29, I24, I20 Keywords: professional learning community ; school principal; academic success Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimir Jilkine Author-Name-First: Vladimir Author-Name-Last: Jilkine Author-Email: info@lawcenter.fi Author-Workplace-Name: Riga Stradins University Title: THE FIGHT AGAINST CYBER-CRIME IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION AGAINST ARBITRARY OR U Abstract: The right to privacy of correspondence is enshrined in Article 8 of the European Convention and the jurisprudence of the ECHR. Violation of privacy is one of the crimes against the constitutional rights and freedoms of man. Within the framework of the problems in combating international terrorism and the legitimate interests of law enforcement or national security, restriction on the right of a citizen to privacy of correspondence is permitted only in accordance with the law, including international human rights law. Paragraph 2 of article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights explicitly states that everyone has the right to the protection of the law against unlawful or arbitrary interference with their privacy. This implies that any communications surveillance programme must be conducted on the basis of a publicly accessible law, which in turn must comply with the State?s own constitutional regime and international human rights law. Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 80-92 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=016&rid=5101 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305101 Classification-JEL: K14, K33 Keywords: international law, national security and cyber-crime, ECHR case-law, coercive measures. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Abdullah Kara Author-Name-First: Abdullah Author-Name-Last: Kara Author-Email: abdullah.3068@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Turkish Naval War College Title: Effectiveness of SAM* Usage to Defuse Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (*SAM: Surface to Air Missile) Abstract: Nowadays, UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are used in a wide range of areas. Particularly, the priority task of the UAV used in various tasks in different military operational environments has been intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance (ISR). From gun loaded operative UAVs which are able to be flown 30,000 ft in altitude to basic UAVs that can be flown by hand, all UAVs? common feature is to transfer the momentary tactical picture related to the hostile operational environment to their command and control centers. This study initially examines surface combatants secrecy necessity, especially during crises and wartime, in an operation environment. Later, it presents a number of proposals for developing new generation weapon systems, in order to neutralize hostile UAVs without spending SAMs when warships detect an enemy UAV, which can send information about their position and formation. Length: 6 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 93-98 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=017&rid=5749 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305749 Classification-JEL: Keywords: UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), SAM (Surface to Air Missile), Guided Naval Gun Systems, Electromagnetic (EM) Weapon Systems, Laser Weapon Systems, Naval Operation Area Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Karaman Author-Name-First: Ana Author-Name-Last: Karaman Author-Email: karaman@uw.edu Author-Workplace-Name: University of Washington Bothell Title: An Evolution of the Issue of Reducing Work Hours in the US Labor Movement Abstract: A reduction of working hours has been historically at the center of the class conflict and the primary issue fought for by the US labor movement during its more glorious years. However, the US labor movement has made no systematic progress in reducing working hours since World War II. Moreover, as labor unions in Western Europe continue their campaigns to reduce working hours even further, the quest for shorter working hours has almost completely ceased from the agenda of the US labor movement. This is despite the ongoing concerns over the future structural unemployment due to the continuing technological progress. This begs a question of why the US labor unions have abandoned an effort to further reduce working hours without a reduction in pay. This paper argues that the post-World War II failure of the US labor movement to build a unified coalition on the political left and the following significant changes in the structural composition of the US labor movement, led to its failure to recognize and advance a further reduction in working hours as a significant socio-economic reform. Specifically, the paper analyzes how the labor unions efforts to reduce working hours were impacted by the anticommunist sentiments during the 1950s, the inability to build a unified coalition cutting across racial, class, and gender differences in the 1960s, and the significant shift to the public sector labor within the US labor movement since the 1970s. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 99-99 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=018&rid=5751 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305751 Classification-JEL: Keywords: US Labor Movement; Reducing Working Hours Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tara Kaul Author-Name-First: Tara Author-Name-Last: Kaul Author-Email: tkaul@3ieimpact.org Author-Workplace-Name: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation Title: Gender Discrimination in Education: What motivates parents to invest more in sons? Abstract: Gender discrimination exists in many different forms, and in many different countries and contexts. A wide body of empirical evidence suggests the existence and persistence of gender discrimination within the household. Boys receive preferential treatment from parents in terms of health and educational inputs. In this paper I map out and examine the existence and extent of gender discrimination in India among school going children (ages 4-18) and compare outcomes based on different types of household heterogeneities, such as size, income, location etc. I use child-specific data on enrolment and educational expenditures incurred for all children in the household, thereby making comparison both within and across households.While the male bias exists in both the decision to enrol a child in school, and in the amount of money spent on their books, tuition etc, parents particularly favour first born children. Households in urban areas, and those that have fewer children tend to discriminate less in favour of boys. It also striking that as the number of children increases, parents have higher expectations of financial support in the future from their sons, suggesting that this expectation may be exacerbating the preferential treatment to boys. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 100-100 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=019&rid=5588 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305588 Classification-JEL: I24, J16, D19 Keywords: education, gender discrimination, India Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: RAGHUPRASAD KODAGAVALLIHATTI PALAIAH Author-Name-First: RAGHUPRASAD Author-Name-Last: KODAGAVALLIHATTI PALAIAH Author-Email: kpraghuprasad@yahoo.co.in Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Author-Name: SHANABHOGA MAHANTHESH BHARATESH Author-Name-First: SHANABHOGA Author-Name-Last: MAHANTHESH BHARATESH Author-Email: shanabhog5387@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Author-Name: SHIVANI DECHAMMA Author-Name-First: SHIVANI Author-Name-Last: DECHAMMA Author-Email: shivanidechu@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, Author-Name: DEVARAJ K Author-Name-First: DEVARAJ Author-Name-Last: K Author-Email: shanabhogamb@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, Title: ATTITUDE OF FARMERS ABOUT USE OF ICT TOOLS IN FARM COMMUNICATION Abstract: Knowledge is an increasingly significant factor of production in modern agriculture. Information and communication Technology (ICT) generated lot of hopes to disseminate updated information to the farming community, overcoming the barriers of distance, socio-economic status, gender etc. ICTs can accelerate agricultural development by facilitating knowledge management. Several ICT initiatives in rural India and implementation of ICTs in agriculture has been proposed and developed in the recent decades. though there are so many ICT tools available in villages still many of the farmers are not making use of these tools for obtaining timely information due to physical, social and psychological barriers. Especially, attitude of the farmers plays a significant role in accepting and using these tools. since these initiatives are new to their social system and establish rare contact with the external world. Hence, the study was conducted in Karnataka state to know the attitude of farmers about ICT tools using for farm communication. The findings of the study revealed that more than two-fifth of the farmers had favorable attitude towards ICT tools followed by least favorable attitude and most favorable attitude towards ICT tools. Majority of the respondents had knowledge about TV and mobile which are providing agricultural information but majority of the respondents didn?t know regarding internet, agricultural DVDs, social media and interactive conferencing. Hence, there is need to educate the farmers regarding ICT tools like internet, conferencing and agricultural DVDs by means of providing training and make availability of these ICT tools in rural areas. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 101-111 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=020&rid=5836 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305836 Classification-JEL: D83, L82, Q10 Keywords: Attitude, ICT, DVDs, social media, internet Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Donald Kudek Author-Name-First: Donald Author-Name-Last: Kudek Author-Email: donald.kudek@wlc.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Wisconsin Lutheran College Title: Self-Chosen Student Groups - What is the student impact if one is not part of his/her ideal team? Abstract: Colleges and universities have increased student group work in business curriculum since the business community is looking for students able to work in this environment. Although it has been shown to provide students with added teamwork, communication, and problem solving skills, group work creates challenges in grading, social loafing, and motivation. To help reduce these issues, professors have allowed students to pick their own teams, which has created its own set of issues and concerns. Although studies have shown students prefer to choose their own teams, transfer students, student with learning challenges, or just the ?odd man out? issue when social circles do not match team sizes, could cause those students to have a negative learning experience. Through a research study of undergraduate business students at Wisconsin Lutheran College, the author hoped to gain a greater understanding of the impact on learning that students face when they are not able to join their ideal team choice when teams are self-selected. Students in Microeconomics (BUS 181) where the professor chooses the teams and two classes where students choose their own teams provided the research subjects. The author utilized an adaptation of a study instrument from Marks and O?Connor (2013), conducted at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia. Although the author was concerned that students that were able to choose their own teams, but did not become part of their ideal team, would have a negative learning experience compared to other self-selected teams as well as teams assigned by the professor, the data gathered did not support the hypothesis. Convenience sampling and small sample sizes may have contributed to the results, and thus additional research and analysis should be completed on this important topic. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 112-112 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=021&rid=5758 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305758 Classification-JEL: I21 Keywords: Group Work, Colleges, Universities, evaluation, education impact Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305758 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Lush Author-Name-First: Rebecca Author-Name-Last: Lush Author-Email: lush2408@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Title: Witch Memories Remain: a landscape history of Salem, Massachusetts Abstract: This paper aims to explore how Salem, Massachusetts has remembered the 1692 Witchcraft Trials. This is a very large and comprehensive topic so focus has been narrowed to observe how the landscape of Salem has been transformed in memoriam. In the period post-1692 Witch Trials there was active forgetting in Salem. A stigma surrounded the trials and their occurrence was sidelined in favour of industrializing the city. Beginning just prior to the 1960s were small, concerted efforts to bring the trials to the attention of the public. The landscape of the city began to alter ? a process that has continued till this day. In the 1990s and 2000s, full-scale memorialization of the Witch Trials has left its mark on the landscape. Memorials, museums and stores are now found at the heart of the city all recapturing a once forgotten memory.This paper will specifically focus on the Witch Trials Memorial unveiled in 1992. The memorial has replaced an abandoned park in the middle of Salem, adjusting the tone of the space and its purpose. From this one memorial the culmination of Salem?s memorialization process can be observed and its impact on the landscape understood. Length: 9 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 113-121 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=022&rid=4896 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3304896 Classification-JEL: N90, N92 Keywords: Salem, Witchcraft, Landscape, Memorials, Memorialization Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3304896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: HLOMPO MARUPING Author-Name-First: HLOMPO Author-Name-Last: MARUPING Author-Email: hlompo.maruping@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY (MAFIKENG CAMPUS) Author-Name: ITUMELENG MONGALE Author-Name-First: ITUMELENG Author-Name-Last: MONGALE Author-Email: Itumeleng.Mongale@ul.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO Title: THE REAL INFLUENCES OF OIL PRICE CHANGES ON THE GROWTH OF REAL GDP: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA Abstract: Oil price fluctuation is a cause of concern for most of the economies of the world including South Africa. The premise is that since oil consumption is regarded as one of the major determinants of the economic activities in any country, therefore the price fluctuations have a potential of slowing down the economic growth. The purpose of this study is to analyse the influences of oil price changes on economic growth in South Africa. Determining such a relationship will not only be helpful to the academic community, but also to the policy makers and the international community. The study utilises secondary data to examine quarterly time series data from the year 1990Q1-2014Q1. Several sources of data (websites) like SARB, Quantec, and International Monetary Funds, among others, were considered to find the most relevant data. The model was estimated by using a cointegrating vector autoregressive frame work and it was passed through a battery of diagnostic and stability test. The Generalised Impulse Response Function was employed to examine the dynamic relations among the variables under study. The results show that there is a positive relationship between economic growth and oil prices fluctuations. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 122-137 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=023&rid=5561 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305561 Classification-JEL: C50, C54, B41 Keywords: Oil prices, Economic Growth, cointegrating vector autoregressive, Generalised Impulse Response Function, South Africa. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alicia Mas-Tur Author-Name-First: Alicia Author-Name-Last: Mas-Tur Author-Email: alicia.mas@uv.es Author-Workplace-Name: Universitat de València Author-Name: Norat Roig-Tierno Author-Name-First: Norat Author-Name-Last: Roig-Tierno Author-Email: noratroig@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: ESIC Business & Marketing School and Valencia International University (VIU) Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro Soriano Author-Name-First: Domingo Author-Name-Last: Ribeiro Soriano Author-Email: domingo.ribeiro@uv.es Author-Workplace-Name: Universitat de València Title: Barriers to Women Entrepreneurship. PLS vs. QCA: Do Different Methods Yield Different Results? Abstract: Building on research by Akehurst, Simarro and Mas-Tur (2012), this study analyzed internal and external factors in women entrepreneurship and linked these factors to the barriers that women face when starting businesses. To do so, two contrasting statistical techniques were used: PLS and QCA. Partial least squares (PLS) is an extension of principle component analysis (PCA) (Would et al., 1983). Both methods follow the principle known as soft modelling, which consists of analyzing models based on empirical data rather than on theoretical or logical constructions, as is the case in hard modelling (Sundbom, 1992). Therefore, PLS can be used to clarify complex patterns in the data (Semb, 2011).QCA is a set-theoretical method that assumes that the influence of certain elements on a specific outcome depends on combinations of these elements rather than the prevalence of the individual elements per se (Ragin, 2008). This method uses Boolean algebra to identify which combinations of properties are sufficient and/or necessary conditions to produce an outcome of interest (Fiss, 2007).This study had two objectives. The first objective was to extend the literature on barriers faced by women entrepreneurs, and the second objective was to observe differences between results of the same analysis conducted using two statistical methodologies: one quantitative (PLS) and one qualitative (QCA). After analyzing results from each of these techniques, we observed that family duties and difficulties in obtaining financing (both internal and external) were the main factors related to barriers faced by women entrepreneurs. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 138-138 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=024&rid=5622 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305622 Classification-JEL: C49, J16, L26 Keywords: women entrepreneurship, barriers, partial least squares (PLS), qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carolan McLarney Author-Name-First: Carolan Author-Name-Last: McLarney Author-Email: mclarney@dal.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Dalhousie University Author-Name: James Hansen Author-Name-First: James Author-Name-Last: Hansen Author-Email: hansen.j@dal.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Dalhousie University Title: Influences on Employee Reward Strategies in International Organizations Abstract: It is of great importance that organizations seek to have a stable, productive, and motivated workforce. The primary way to accomplish this is through effective reward strategies to compensate employees for their efforts. The challenge for the global organization is to ensure that the rewards offered provide motivation for employees and generate workplace commitment, regardless of location. Three notable influences on reward strategies were summarized, the first being Maslow?s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow stated that all people have the same needs and are motivated to fulfill these needs as they increase in complexity (Maslow, 1943, p. 370). The second influence was Herzberg?s two factor theory, which identified two factors that provide motivation for employees, motivators (job growth, advancement) and hygiene factors (policies, compensation) (Herzberg, 1968, p. 56). The final influence studied was culture, which emphasized Hofstede?s cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation, and indulgence versus restraint (Hofstede, 1994, pp. 2-5; Hofstede, Hofstede, & Minkov, 2010, p. 281). The evidence showed that using these influences as indicators along with other factors noted in research, such as organizational goals and demographic employee data, will enable a company to make a more balanced decision with respect to international employee reward strategies. Thus, a variety of factors must be considered when creating or revising reward strategies to ensure that irrespective of location, employees will be motivated by the rewards. Three examples were noted of companies who have faced the challenge of implementing an international reward strategy. Both Colgate-Palmolive and RBC were found to have completed analysis with their reward strategies to ensure their international policies were motivating for staff. Lincoln-Electric was identified as a company who failed in their international reward strategy; they incorrectly assumed the rewards that worked in the U.S. would work overseas, which contributed to losses in their European division and required drastic efforts to correct (Hastings, 1999, p. 171).To support leaders in these decisions, a model for assessing reward strategies in the international environment was presented and discussed. Leaders will find the model useful, as it consolidates the key influences that must be considered when reviewing international reward strategies and can be customized to include additional factors as required. Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 139-151 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=025&rid=5200 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305200 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Human Resource Management, International Business, Banking Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Scott Mensch Author-Name-First: Scott Author-Name-Last: Mensch Author-Email: Smensch@iup.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Indiana University of Pennsylvania Title: Cell Phone Security: Usage Trends and Awareness of Security Issues Abstract: One only has to look around while they are in public places to see the increased usage of cell phones in today's society. People glued to their phones can easily be found in restaurants, waiting rooms, sporting events, movie theaters, or even while people are walking or driving a vehicle. The amount of users who are using apps on their smart phones for not only social networking purposes, but also reading e-mail, shopping online, and checking bank accounts and paying bills has drastically increased within the past three years. The act of taking these portable devices outside of the office or home has added a new element in network security. While the common users computer literacy skills have increased over the past decade, it is unknown if the rapid advancements in smart phone technology has mirrored individuals understanding of network security concerns when using cell phones. This paper servers as the foundation to begin a research study regarding cell phone security behaviors as part of a broader study examining the security practices and cell phone usage of college students. While students understand the importance of network and data security, a broader study is needed to gauge their understanding of securing their mobile devices from not only physical intrusions, but also traditional security issues such as viruses, spam, and spyware. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 152-152 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=026&rid=5776 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305776 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Network security, cell phone security, cell phone usage trends Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mallika Meti Author-Name-First: Mallika Author-Name-Last: Meti Author-Email: mallika.meti@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru Author-Name: Suresha S V Author-Name-First: Suresha Author-Name-Last: S V Author-Email: bakery.uas@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru Author-Name: Raghuprasad K P Author-Name-First: Raghuprasad Author-Name-Last: K P Author-Email: kpraghuprasad@yahoo.co.in Author-Workplace-Name: University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru Title: CONTRACT FARMING: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR RISK MANAGEMENT BY SMALL FARMERS Abstract: Contract farming has been in existence for many years as a means of organizing the commercial agricultural production of both large-scale and small-scale farmers. The approach has considerable potential in developing countries like India where small-scale agriculture continues to be widespread, as small-scale farmers can no longer be competitive without access to the services provided by contract farming companies. The present study was conducted in four districts of Karnataka viz., Tumkur, Kolar, Hassan and Koppal to study the economic status of farmers in contract farming and to know the problems and suggestions. Majority of the farmers practicing contract farming in the study were small and medium farmers with less than 5 acres of land and 5-10 acres of land holdings respectively. It is often difficult for small-scale farmers outside the contract-farming context to gain access to input and risk in quality production but the contractual arrangements involve considerable production support in addition to the supply of basic inputs and assist in risk management. Sponsors may also provide land preparation, field cultivation and harvesting as well as free training and extension, primarily to ensure proper crop practices in order to achieve projected yields and required qualities. Further, the results indicated that there was maximum per cent of increase in economic status of farmers from Hassan (12.12%), Tumkur (14.85%), Kolar (29.13%) and Koppal (18.34%) districts after adopting the contract farming in their fields respectively. Benefit-cost ratio of the four districts viz., Hassan (3.05), Tumkur (2.37), Kolar (2.76) and Koppal (6.18) gave positive signs towards the improvement of farmer?s economic status. Results also showed that majority of the farmers faced financial and situational constraints rather than technological and extension constraints. Financial constraints involve lack of financial assistance in agriculture for initial investments and situational constraints involve non-availability of inputs in time. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 153-163 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=027&rid=5851 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305851 Classification-JEL: O13, Q19, Q16 Keywords: Contract farming, risk management, small farmers Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth Nweke Author-Name-First: Kenneth Author-Name-Last: Nweke Author-Email: kenneth.nweke@iaue.edu.ng Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Author-Name: Vincent Nyewusira Author-Name-First: Vincent Author-Name-Last: Nyewusira Author-Email: vinsira@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Title: The Political Economy of Deregulation Policy in the Downstream Sector of the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (1999-2015) Abstract: Successive governments in Nigeria since 1999 have faced the challenge of whether or not to adopt deregulation policy in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry. In fact, the decision of whether or not to adopt deregulation policy as a panacea for remedying the perennial fuel scarcity and arbitrary price increases in petroleum products has been an albatross around successive governments in Nigeria. This paper interrogates the political economy of deregulation policy in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria since the enthronement of democratic rule in 1999, hence contends that the subsidy regime of successive governments has not addressed the perennial scarcity and arbitrary price increases of petroleum products in the country. The paper maintains that the fuel subsidy regime has been an epitome of corruption as it has failed to address the original intentions of its founding fathers. It is the view of this paper, therefore, that a complete deregulation policy in the downstream sector that will ensure government?s outright removal of fuel subsidy, remains the only antidote to addressing the perennial scarcity and arbitrary price increases of petroleum products by ambitious petroleum marketers in Nigeria. It is by so doing that market forces shall become the major determinants of the prices and distribution of petroleum products for the teeming consumers in Nigeria. The paper concludes that savings that would accrue from fuel subsidy removal could be channelled into addressing the ailing infrastructure and human capital in the country. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 164-164 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=028&rid=5661 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305661 Classification-JEL: A30 Keywords: Political economy, deregulation policy, down stream sector & petroleum industry Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305661 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Duygu Ozluk Author-Name-First: Duygu Author-Name-Last: Ozluk Author-Email: duyguozluk@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Selcuk University Title: Democracy Promotion: The Role and Strategy of European Union Abstract: The European Union (EU) is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy and respect for human rights and the EU?s enlargement policy has promoted democracy with the process of accession conditionality, which has made a great contribution towards global democratization. Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has evolved its democracy promotion strategies through aid related projects and political cooperation. The EU and the member states support democracy promotion by providing funding through the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights. However, while the EU engages in many democracy promotion initiatives, it has shown inconsistencies in terms of how is understood conceptually and how it is actually put into practice. This is largely in part because of the diversity amongst the member EU states and the complex structure of the organization. This study critically analyzes the EU?s democracy promotion agenda by looking at the key operational instruments and strategies of the organization. This study also deals with the EU?s understanding of democracy and the structural constraints of the organization within the framework of democracy promotion. Length: 5 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 165-169 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=029&rid=5810 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305810 Classification-JEL: F50 Keywords: European Union, democratization,democracy promotion Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Erdem Ozluk Author-Name-First: Erdem Author-Name-Last: Ozluk Author-Email: eozluk@selcuk.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Selcuk University Title: Understanding the Crisis between Turkey and Russia: A Normalization or Escalation? Abstract: Recently Turkey and Russia relations are undergoing a serious crisis since the downing of the Russian warplane by Turkish air forces for the violation of the Turkish airspace on 24 November 2015. As a matter of fact, relations between two countries were at the highest level after the end of the Cold War and there was a growing collaboration in terms of political and economic relations between two countries. For example, in 2010, both countries agreed to allow visa-free travel and reached an agreement for building Turkey?s first nuclear power plant. However, because of the regional expansion of Russian power for the last decade, Turkey and Russia has started to hold opposing views on how to overcome regional problems. Especially after the Russian interventionist policies towards first Georgia and Ukraine and then the civil war in Syria, relations between the two countries have sharply deteriorated. Indeed, the ongoing crisis between the two countries is not just related with the civil war in Syria or the Turkish downing of a Russian warplane. Because there have been potential tensions between the two countries in many areas and factors since the end of the Cold War such as Azerbaijan and Armenia relations, Iran and nuclear crisis, transportation routes for hydrocarbon energy supplies, Chechnya in Russia and Kurdish issue in Turkey, geopolitical and military balances in the Black Sea region. The ongoing crisis has escalated in the aftermath the Turkish downing of a Russian warplane. This study argues that the normalization of Russia-Turkey relations in a short time is of utmost importance for the resolution of numerous conflicts in the Middle East, particularly the civil war in Syria and the fight against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). This study also seeks to answer the following questions; what should be done in order to deescalate the crisis? How this crisis may affect the future of war in Syria in particular and certain problems in the Middle East region in general? Length: 6 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 170-175 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=030&rid=5829 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305829 Classification-JEL: F50, F51 Keywords: Russia, Turkey, Middle East, War in Syria Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305829 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: AMIT KUMAR PADHY Author-Name-First: AMIT KUMAR Author-Name-Last: PADHY Author-Email: amitkumarpadhy24@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY Author-Name: ANKIT KUMAR PADHY Author-Name-First: ANKIT KUMAR Author-Name-Last: PADHY Author-Email: ankitkumarpadhy45@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY Title: EMERGING AVENUES OF SPACE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW Abstract: This paper will address legal approaches to a number of new ventures that will be carried out in outer space in the near future and that will likely require major changes to the way nations will approach space law. Today we tend to view activities in space from an individual program or project perspective and we tend to analyze the engineering, social, and legal issues very narrowly and separately for each proposed venture. However, four current government and commercial activities: active debris removal, satellite servicing, diverting near earth objects, and resource extraction and processing all raise similar major and unresolved legal issues. These issues should be considered together in a consistent, logical, and rational way, insuring that solutions are coordinated and uniform. All of these activities involve attaching to an orbiting natural or human object and then working on or with that object. Issues raised range from definitions to property rights to weaponization. All will require new approaches to regulatory areas such as safety, the environment, transparency, liability, indemnification, and dispute resolution. Our current legal system in space is oriented toward launch and satellite operations, not towards active private sector initiatives in space and on celestial bodies such as the Moon and asteroids. It is clear that a balance between governmental objectives and commercial assurances on financing and profits will have to be made. Similarly, the dual-use nature of space will have to balance national security with business risktaking. An ad hoc national or international legal regime will not serve any nation or company well. This paper will suggest ways to approach these required changes in international space law that will be evolutionary and consistent with the current space treaties and international law. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 176-176 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=031&rid=5457 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305457 Classification-JEL: K33, D63, K32 Keywords: space law, diverting near earth objects, resource extraction, satellite servicing, active debris removal, environment, transparency, liability, indemnification, and dispute resolution. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Polin Author-Name-First: Brian Author-Name-Last: Polin Author-Email: polin@jct.ac.il Author-Workplace-Name: Jerusalem College of Technology Author-Name: Stephan Golla Author-Name-First: Stephan Author-Name-Last: Golla Author-Email: stephan.golla@w.hs-fulda.de Author-Workplace-Name: Fulda University of Applied Sciences Title: Entrepreneurship in Developed and Developing Nations: Contrasting the Entrepreneurs and their Contributions Abstract: Many studies have compared entrepreneurship in multiple countries. Most suggest that entrepreneurship, or entrepreneurial intent (EI) is higher in developing countries than in developed countries. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor classifies nations' economies as being factor-driven, efficiency-driven or innovation-driven and illustrates that entrepreneurship is indeed more widespread in lesser developed economies.While the linkage between economic development and entrepreneurship seems to be clear, the explanation seems less so. Many of the models used to explain entrepreneurial behavior at the individual level have been used to explain differing levels of entrepreneurship at the national level as well. Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior features prominently among these models (Iakoleva et at, 2011). "National culture" and its related Hofstede Cultural Dimensions has also been used (Hofstede et al 2004; Schlaegel et al 2013). "Push" (dissatisfaction with available opportunities) and "pull" (desire for better income or higher status) has also been offered as an explanation (Hofstede et al 2004; Wennekers et al 2007). Another explanation, closely related to push and pull is supply and demand (Wennekers et al 2002). "Demand" is workplace opportunities, while "supply" is individual capabilities and preferences.Regardless of the explanation, lesser developed nations often present fewer employment opportunities for university graduates. Whether as a matter of choice or last-resort, university students in lesser developed nations indicate higher EI and view entrepreneurship as the preferred job alternative post-graduation.The macro-economic phenomenon of limited employment opportunities for university graduates is society-wide and doesn't distinguish between those who are naturally more inclined toward entrepreneurship and those who are not. This would suggest that many entrepreneurs in developing countries do not willingly make this career choice. This might also suggest that the outcomes of the entrepreneurial ventures in developing countries are less positive than in developed countries and are less beneficial to the country's economy. A recent meta-analysis (van Praag et al 2007) of 57 studies measures the contribution of entrepreneurship and points to three positive contributions: (1) employment generation, (2) innovation, and (3) productivity and growth. However, all of the underlying studies were conducted in developed nations, so no conclusions about the contribution of entrepreneurship specific to developing economies may be reached. This research examines the economic and social benefits of entrepreneurship across many countries, both developed and developing, and provides insights into the widely varying results, based on a country's level of economic development. Length: 2 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 177-178 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=032&rid=5685 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305685 Classification-JEL: O00, O57, L26 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Career choice, Cross-country comparison Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Elsiddig Rahma Author-Name-First: Elsiddig Author-Name-Last: Rahma Author-Email: elsiddig.rahma@northumbria.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne Author-Name: Noel Perera Author-Name-First: Noel Author-Name-Last: Perera Author-Email: noel.perera@northumbria.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: Northumbria University Author-Name: Kian Tan Author-Name-First: Kian Author-Name-Last: Tan Author-Email: K.tan@northumbria.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: Northumbria University Title: Oil Price shocks and theirs consequences on Sudan?s GDP growth and unemployment rates Abstract: Since the advent of oil production and export in late 1999, Sudan economy became more reliant on oil exports proceeds. This situation has exposed the economy to the negative effect of oil price fluctuations. In general, oil exporting countries exhibit positive impact on their economy to oil price increase, while oil importing economies suffer. Unlike developing economies, there is paucity of research in developing countries with regards to the relationship between macro-economy and oil price shocks. In this regard, Sudan has been neglected from serious studies related to oil price shocks. This research attempts to contribute towards filling this gap. In doing so, Vector Auto-Regression model is employed to investigate the impact of oil price shocks on the real GDP growth and unemployment rates over the period 2000 - 2014. The Granger causality test suggests that unemployment has statistically and significantly influenced real GDP growth. Results from the Impulse Response Functions and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition analysis suggest that decrease in oil price has a greater influence on GDP growth. Interestingly, oil price decrease has a significant positive impact on unemployment rate. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 179-179 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=033&rid=5556 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305556 Classification-JEL: C32, E00, F43 Keywords: VAR model, GDP growth, Unemployment rate, Sudan. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Balabhadra Rai Author-Name-First: Balabhadra Author-Name-Last: Rai Author-Email: mr.balabhadrarai@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Central Theological University Title: A Research Study on the Situation of Child Sexual Abuse in Five South Asian Countries and Finding the Effective Programs for the Prevention Abstract: This research paper scrutinizes the situation of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) and recommends effective programs for the prevention and protection of the victims in Five South Asian states- Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. CSA is one of the serious challenges globally. Sexual violence against children is uncivilized disruption of children?s rights that exposes a child to severe mental, chronic physical and psychological hazards with effects such as depression, fear, low self-esteem and it affects them for the entire period of their lives. Studied illustrates that the child of developing countries are more vulnerable as compared to developed countries. Various reports and data from related public organizations; UNICEF and other NGOs that works on child issues shows that child are at higher risk to sexual abuse in Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri-Lanka. Sexual violence is associated with increased risk of sexual and reproductive health problems including inadvertent pregnancy, HIV and other sexually transmitted contagions. Hence, provision of effective child protection for the victims is inevitable. To discourage child sexual abuse, primary factors should be discovered and proceed for the prevention. Governments, civil society and related organizations should increase the awareness programs against child sexual abuse implementing effective legislation and policies to prevent violence against children. State should provide housing; rehabilitation facility and other social securities, arrange free health and psychological treatment, free higher education, skill development trainings and job placement for the victims. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 180-180 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=034&rid=5586 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305586 Classification-JEL: Keywords: sexual abuse, South Asia, effective policy, social security, prevention Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305586 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Rillero Author-Name-First: Peter Author-Name-Last: Rillero Author-Email: rillero@asu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Arizona State University Title: Promoting Student Research with Science Fairs: Case Studies of Exemplary Programs Abstract: There is increased discussion and recognition of the importance of project-based learning in education (Chin & Chia, 2004; Krajcik, Czerniak, & Berger, 1998; Lam, Cheng, & Ma, 2009). Full-inquiry science research projects develop science content and develop and assess all of the standards-based science process skills and inquiry skills. In the dawn of project-based learning moving beyond talk and into implementation, full-inquiry science research should be the gold standard of independent project work.We propose that policy people, leaders, and teachers have the following three main goals for science fairs: (a) Winning Goal, (b) Quantity Goal, and (c) Quality Goal. These goals may not be explicitly stated but they do shape behavior. The winning goal is common but focusing efforts on elite students doing elite projects may limit the amount of students participating. For this research we selected programs that were exemplary in maximizing participation but yet were interested in quality research. Case study analyses of science research programs in Costa Rica, Ireland, and Marlborough, Massachusetts were conducted. Interviews of leaders, supporters, and students were conducted. These interviews and supporting documents were analyzed. Each of these case studies is described and conclusions from comparing programs are presented. The research can inform existing science research programs and places seeking to establish science research programs. Length: 7 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 181-187 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=035&rid=5611 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305611 Classification-JEL: I21, I29 Keywords: Inquiry, student research, science education Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: CAROL SHEPHERD Author-Name-First: CAROL Author-Name-Last: SHEPHERD Author-Email: cshepher@nu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Author-Name: MADELON ALPERT Author-Name-First: MADELON Author-Name-Last: ALPERT Author-Email: malpert@nu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Title: RELATING TO ROBOTS: USING TECHNOLOGY WITH AUTISTIC LEARNERS Abstract: For the past decade and longer there has been much activity and research involving the use of technology in education. This is especially true for diverse learners, who have difficulty learning with the traditional pedagogies used in teaching. Learners with autism syndrome have shown significant positive interactions when dealing with robots rather than human beings. Even though many of the anecdotes and suggested methods in this research paper are focused on applications for students with autism, these same strategies can be effectively applied to a variety of diverse learners. The specific information regarding students with autism not only enables students to learn the content in a variety of formats, but also helps to prepare them to have fruitful, productive lives after their schooling and for the rest of their days. Results of studies have indicated that students become more interested and actively engaged in their classes, and have a higher level of retention than students in traditional online and onsite classes. It is important to empower students to become active, involved learners, and provide them with the incentives to achieve academic success. This is a work in progress, and future renditions will include not only anecdotes dealing with youngsters with autism, but also with those diagnosed with deafness and those who are severely mentally challenged with down?s syndrome and other disorders. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 188-188 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=036&rid=5832 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305832 Classification-JEL: I29 Keywords: autism, assistive technology, robots Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chisako Yamamoto Author-Name-First: Chisako Author-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Email: chisako-y@k9.dion.ne.jp Author-Workplace-Name: Hamamatsu Gakuin University Author-Name: Tanji Hoshi Author-Name-First: Tanji Author-Name-Last: Hoshi Author-Email: star@onyx.dti.ne.jp Author-Workplace-Name: Tokyo Metropolitan University Title: Factors associated with decreasing prevalence of dementia in the community-dwelling elderly in suburban Tokyo Abstract: Yamamoto?s previous study showed that the prevalence of dementia in the community-dwelling elderly of 65 years and older in City A of Tokyo was decreasing during a six-year follow-up 2001-2007, suggesting that there should be some factors specific to City A. The purpose of this study is to clarify City A?s specific factors in decreasing prevalence of dementia. Health status of the analysis subjects was examined in terms of ratios of approval for long-term care insurance, proportions of the elderly who had a family dentist, habits of smoking and alcohol intake, educational attainment (years of education) and interest in health issues. The analysis results were discussed reviewing official statistics and the results of previous studies. The analysis subjects showed lower ratio of approval for long-term care insurance than City A?s and National statistics. More than 70% of them had a family dentist even in 2001. Proportions of smokers in male analysis subjects were decreasing over years. As for educational attainment, 38.9% had more than 13 years of education and 24.7% had more than 16 years in the 2004 survey. The higher educational attainment, interest in health and health literacy observed in the analysis subjects seem to have been specific factors which might have promoted their health status and contributed to decreasing the prevalence of dementia. Education might be a key to decrease the prevalence of dementia. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 189-202 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=037&rid=5765 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305765 Classification-JEL: I19 Keywords: prevalence of dementia; long-term care insurance; family dentist; smoking; alcohol intake; educational attainment; health literacy. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305765 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: TAKU YAMAMOTO Author-Name-First: TAKU Author-Name-Last: YAMAMOTO Author-Email: taku.yamamoto.01@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: The Institute of Statistical Research Title: On the Treatment of a Measurement Error Regression Model Abstract: The treatment of the measurement error regression model has been a focus of various studies, in particular, in the analysis of economic time series data. The ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator of the measurement error model is known to be asymptotically biased (inconsistent). In the present paper, we propose a new approach to the problem. Namely, it elaborates the effects of temporal aggregation, i.e. aggregation over time, on the OLS estimator. In the present paper, we consider a simple regression model whose explanatory variable consists of a latent variable and an measurement error. As the key assumption, we assume that the latent explanatory variable is positively autocorrelated. Since most economic time series data are positively autocorrelated, this assumption is satisfied in many situations and is not restrictive. Further, the measurement error is assumed to be serially independent We firstly analytically show that the non-overlapping temporal aggregation of the model decreases the bias and the mean squared error (MSE) of the OLS estimator when the sample size is large. This result comes from the fact that temporal aggregation of the positively autocorrelated latent variable increases their variability faster than the non-autocorrelated measurement error. That is, the noise-signal ratio becomes smaller in the temporally aggregated model. We may note that the aggregation scheme can be easily generalized to the overlapping one. It should be noted, however, that the temporal aggregation does not completely eliminate the bias (inconsistency). Thus, we secondly propose a consistent estimator by suitably combining the original disaggregated estimator and the aggregated estimator. Thirdly, we conduct appropriate simulation experiments which exhibit that the above analytical results are valid even in the small sample. Finally, we apply the proposed consistent method to an empirical application of Japanese data and the result appears to be effective in decreasing the inconsistency caused by the measurement error. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 203-203 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=038&rid=5807 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305807 Classification-JEL: C01, C13, C26 Keywords: Regression Model, Measurement Error, Temporal Aggregation, Cosistent Estimator Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Zamir Author-Name-First: Sara Author-Name-Last: Zamir Author-Email: sarazamir5@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Achva Academic College and Ben Gurion Universityat Eilat Title: Conflict and Reconciliation Motives in the Hebrew Curriculum for the Arabic Junior High Schools in Israel Abstract: The curriculum for Hebrew literature in the Arab sector (Arabic Junior high schools) was approved by the Minister of Education and Culture in 2008. Along with declared aims connected to the discipline itself, such as the usefulness of the Hebrew language and the beauty of its literature, the curriculum also includes specific ideological social and civic aims. These include acquiring knowledge about the cultural traditions of the Jewish people as well as developing consideration for their social and cultural sensitivities. The three anthologies based upon the very curriculum were published in 2009. The fundamental assumption of this research, which relies on an extensive foundation of theoretical work, maintains that the literary curriculum does have the ability to achieve these social aims. The aim of the research was to examine how the corpus of Hebrew literature in the curriculum reflects the relationship between Arabs and Jews in Israel, as individuals and as representatives of different cultures and traditions especially concerning the issues of conflict and reconciliation. The findings, based upon combined qualitative content analysis tools, revealed that only a small part (12%) of the literary works in the three anthologies indeed dealt with matters of conflict and reconciliation. Most of those literary works avoid direct implications to the Arab-Israeli coexistence. Length: 12 pages Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 204-215 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=039&rid=5500 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305500 Classification-JEL: A30 Keywords: Conflict and reconciliation, Hebrew Curriculum for the Arabic sector, school readers. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juyong Zhang Author-Name-First: Juyong Author-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Email: juyongzh@126.com Author-Workplace-Name: Dalian Nationalities University Title: An Ecological Footprint Analysis of Dalian Nationalities University, China Abstract: Campus as an ecosystem in nature has ecological carrying capacity; its health is closely related to the degree of development of the university. The mainstream method of evaluation of ecological level is component analysis method, using this method to calculate the ecological footprint on campus; in the analysis of ecological footprint, six main categories of biological productive area are distinguished: energy, food, garbage, paper, water and transportation. In this paper, we use the field survey and sampling methods to obtain relevant data, while introducing the concept of elasticity, we view the data collected as independent variables. However, some data changes little over time called inelastic, such as food, garbage, paper and so on. Some data fluctuates greatly over time called elastic, such as energy, water and so on. The result of the survey shows that the ecological footprint of energy is the largest. At the end of the text, the paper makes reasonable proposals on how to save food and energy saving. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 216-216 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=040&rid=5651 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305651 Classification-JEL: Keywords: ecological footprint; Dalian Nationalities University; energy; transportation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Faisal Khamis Al-Shamari Author-Name-First: Faisal Author-Name-Last: Khamis Al-Shamari Author-Email: faisal_alshamari@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Al-Ain University of Science and Technology Title: Crime and Divorce. Can one Lead to the other? Using Multilevel Mixed Models Abstract: Cross-sectional and time-series studies of the influence of divorce on crime and the opposite are few in both developing and developed countries. Question is raised whether the divorce causes the crime, the opposite, or both effects are exist in Jordan.The objectives are: Investigating the causal direction of the relationship between the divorce and crime, determining whether the clustering in the divorce and crime within-governorates is exist, and whether the divorce and crime are increased or decreased over time? The study design was cross-sectional time-series analysis. The data of 12 governorates over 14 years (2000-2013) were obtained from several Jordanian Statistical Yearbooks and surveys issued by the Jordanian Statistics Department. The divorce rate (DR) and the crime rate (CR) were calculated. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was carried out. Three models for each of divorce and crime were estimated. Comparison between these models was explained in terms of the intra-class correlation (ICC), the proportional change in the variance of the response variable, and the deviance. The p < .0001 of Wald was found highly significant in all models. Using the CR as a predictor for the DR reduced the within-governorate variance by 9% and the between-governorates variance by 2%. Using the time as a predictor for the DR reduced the within-governorates variance by 83% and the between-governorates variance by 4%. Using the DR as a predictor for the CR reduced the within-governorate variance by 21% and inflated the between-governorates variance by 59%. Using the time as a predictor for the CR reduced the within-governorates variance by 31% and inflated the between-governorates variance by 3%. The ICC results in all models were found significantly more than 40%.In terms of the statistical and social epidemiological concepts of contextual phenomena confirm that the rates of divorce and crime from the same governorate are more similar to each other than those from different governorates. Using the CR as a predictor for the DR reduced the within-governorate variance more than four times compared with the between-governorates variance. Using the DR as a predictor for the CR reduced the within-governorate variance and inflated the between-governorates variance. Using the time as a predictor for the DR reduced the within-governorate variance dramatically higher than the between-governorates variance and as a predictor for the CR reduced the within-governorates variance but inflated a little bit the between-governorates variance. We have concluded that both divorce and crime can lead to the other. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 217-217 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=041&rid=5690 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 3305690 Classification-JEL: C10, C19, A14 Keywords: Multilevel modeling, Divorce, Crime, Time, Governorate, and Intra-class correlation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:3305690 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tugay ARAT Author-Name-First: Tugay Author-Name-Last: ARAT Author-Email: Author-Workplace-Name: Selcuk University, Faculty Of Tourism Title: The Role of Social Media in Tourism Abstract: As a result of the developments in information and communication Technologies, and their widely and densely use new marketing mediums have recently emerged. A number of platforms have also appeared in product preference in terms of consumers. The masses communicate with each other on social media. Firms are looking for the ways of affecting the preferences of customers, and they use social media as a marketing environment. Today, the competition between firms has raised, therefore most firms find traditional marketing methods inadequate in reaching to their customers. Therefore, they aim to take action in every environment in which customers exist. This situation causes producing firms to; conduct marketing activities in a more number of ways in digital or virtual media. In recent years, in tourism industry hotel services also use social media for purposes such as effective advertisement, reaching more customers and building brand loyalty. Through social media, tourism services can reach to more customer faster. Besides, customers can also quickly reach to tourism services through their social media accounts in the stages of information searching, assessment of alternatives, selecting choices and purchasing. The aim of this study is to explain how hotel services manage their Facebook accounts and which features they use, and to bring forward proposals. For this reason, Facebook accounts of these hotel services has been studied through content analysis method. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2016-03 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Conference, Miami, Mar 2016, pages 218-218 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/21st-international-academic-conference-miami/table-of-content/detail?cid=33&iid=042&rid=7478 File-Function: First version, 2016 Number: 4707478 Classification-JEL: M30 Keywords: Tourism, Communication Technologies, Social Media Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:4707478