Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Md Zahid Al Noman Author-Name-First: Md Zahid Author-Name-Last: Al Noman Author-Email: zahid.jaay@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: New Model University College Title: Social Impact on Tourism in Bangladesh: An Analysis Abstract: Bangladesh is also a land of river. It has a great heritage and tradition which are very important in the field of tourism. Tourism relies on river based, temple based, religious monument based, historical based and archaeological based. There are undetermined numbers of people who visit there where there are present. Many foreigners come to visit Bangladesh at these places where many classes of people work there and they earn money. Bangladesh earns huge money from these sectors. River based touring places are Cox?s Bazar, Saint Martin, Kutubdia, and Pirojpur district?s river?s daughter. Temple or Shrines or Mazar based tourist place where there many people and followers of them come to visit for all year long. They are Majbhandaria, Aatrashi, Dewanbaggy, Sureshawaree, Chandrapara, Chormona, Fultoly, Sharshoona, Foorfoora, Garibsha Mazar, Burhan Uddin Mazar, Shah Makhdumer Mazar, Gazi Pirer Mazar, Bulu Dewaner Mazar, Laloner Chhewree, Ulugh khan Jahan Ali Mazar and so on in Bangladesh. The touring temple and mosque are Urakandi, Hemayetpur, Shat Gombuj mosque, Rup and Sonaton Ashram, Jabon Horidaser Ashram, Joshorer Imam Bara Mosque, Murolee Jora Shiva Temple, Pagla Kanaier mazar, Gonesh Pagaler Ashram and so on. These historical archaeological places are Moinamoti, Gazi Kalu Champabati, Shalbanbihar, Behula Lakhindar bridal house, Paharpur Buddhist Vihar, Varindra Museum and so on. These make up a communion for the disciples who want to visit those places where they go to amuse the eternal religious peace and follow the own culture. Some sing. Some write. Some flute on. Some dance as religious dance. Some ring the bell. Some bell the drum bit. Some cry on ecstasy. Some perform Dhikir. Some say explicit. Some say implicit. All make up a life-fair. It emphasizes on the impact of socioeconomic development. Here own culture and foreign cultures make a global cultural tourism. The person who come here, they create a novel social impact where there build up a strong religio-socio-politic-ology. Bangladesh is not back bench for tourism. This tourism has developed our social value and economic value which is helping to remake our developing Bangladesh. These tourism spots are mixed with the life of Bangladesh. Millions of people come to visit to find out a historical, cultural, religious, economic, political achievement and archaeological staunch where they can know about the full impression of Bangladesh. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 1-1 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=001&rid=12186 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912186 Classification-JEL: Keywords: : Mazar, Temple, Mosque, Rivers and Social Cultures Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sultan Ghaleb Aldaihani Author-Name-First: Sultan Ghaleb Author-Name-Last: Aldaihani Author-Email: dr.aldaihani@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Kuwait University Author-Name: Shahd AlShemery Author-Name-First: Shahd Author-Name-Last: AlShemery Author-Email: sultzq8@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Education Title: The Reality of Synergy between Colleges of Education and the Ministry of Education from the Perspective of Educational Leaders Abstract: This study aimed to understand the reality of synergy between the colleges of education and the Ministry of Education from the perspective of educational leaders. The study simple consisted of 450 from the teaching staff of the Colleges of Education in Kuwait. The researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach by design an instrument. The most important results indicate: the important if colleges of education and the Ministry of Education cooperate in educational projects to achieve sustainable development in the field of education; the that females are more supportive of special proposals to increase the level of synergy between colleges of education and the Ministry of Education. The researcher points out that there are no differences in the other fields; means that shorter experiences are more supportive of synergy between colleges of education and the Ministry of Education than intermediate experiences; and positive correlation between the area of the ?objectives of synergy between colleges of education and the Ministry of Education. Length: 10 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 2-11 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=002&rid=11324 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911324 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Synergy ,Colleges of Education, Ministry of Education, Educational Leaders Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Candra Fajri Ananda Author-Name-First: Candra Fajri Author-Name-Last: Ananda Author-Email: candra064@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University Author-Name: Imanina Eka Dalilah Author-Name-First: Imanina Eka Author-Name-Last: Dalilah Author-Email: imanina.eka@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University Author-Name: Tiara Juniar Soewardi Author-Name-First: Tiara Juniar Author-Name-Last: Soewardi Author-Email: tiarajuniar244@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University Title: The Influence of Tobacco Regulation to Tobacco Industry Sustainability Abstract: The Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) No. 146/PMK.010/2017 brings pro and cons in the national economy. The interest of government and industry should be taken into consideration. This paper will explore the impact of PMK implementation to tobacco excise revenue, production volume and industry performance. Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) No. 146/PMK.010/2017 regarding the simplification of cigarettes tiers. Those policy threatened the sustainability of the Tobacco Industry and national excise revenue. As the strategic industry due to its roles in national revenue, employment creation and its value as industrial heritage in Indonesian history, it needs to be explored. This study aims to analyze the impact of PMK No.146/2017 to the tobacco industry by considering people purchasing power. Simulation model with three different scenarios is used to prevail the effect of the regulation to volume products of tobacco industry. Obtaining more details analyses, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the stakeholders, e.g., tobacco association, Ministry of Finance, researcher and journalist have been also conducted. The findings of this study showed, first, simplification of the price tiers of cigarettes will decrease the cigarettes production about 20 percent under lower purchasing power assumption. Second, the simplification will make the tobacco excise revenue fall by 2.4 percent under lower purchasing power assumption. Third, simplifying tiers will increase tobacco excise revenue by 8.5 percent under higher purchasing power. Under strategic industry policy, government policy on tobacco industry should take into consideration some factors such as production volume, national revenue and industry performance. Besides, the government should design others alternative of excise tax objects such as plastic, chlorofluorocarbon/CFC, fuel, luxury goods and sugar products. Length: 12 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 12-23 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=003&rid=12231 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912231 Classification-JEL: E27, E61, H20 Keywords: tobacco industry, excise tax, cigarettes tiers, simulation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: CANDRA FAJRI ANANDA Author-Name-First: CANDRA FAJRI Author-Name-Last: ANANDA Author-Email: candra064@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Supervisory Board of Bank Indonesia Author-Name: ABDUL MANAP PULUNGAN Author-Name-First: ABDUL MANAP Author-Name-Last: PULUNGAN Author-Email: pulungan84@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Supervisory Board of Bank Indonesia Author-Name: RAHMIA HASNIASARI Author-Name-First: RAHMIA Author-Name-Last: HASNIASARI Author-Email: rahmia.hasniasari@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Supervisory Board of Bank Indonesia Title: Regulating without Burdening: Case Study of Financial Technology in Indonesia Abstract: The financial technology (fintech) has a fundamental impact on the economy, particularly for emerging economies through improving financial inclusion and reducing the poverty level, unemployment, and income inequality (Furche et al, 2017). The rapid development of fintech should not be seen as a favourable condition alone. Several research argue that this phenomenon might impact to the existing financial industry, bank for instance (Wong, 2017; Temelkov, 2018) and at some point it will possibly run beyond the reach of regulation. Thus, regulator needs to start right to minimize the potential drawback of the fintech development including the potential disruption to the financial stability.This research employs the ?separating apples from oranges? framework from Minto et al (2017) that consists of four filters in categorizing fintech and aims to: (1) figure out the most significant part to be regulated in the fintech industry in Indonesia; (2) give an advisable input to central bank in mitigating the issue without burden the growth of fintech. It is interesing to have a further look on the fintech development in Indonesia since it gave significant contribution in the national economy. As an ecosystem of fintech, Delloitte (2016) revealed that digital economy in Indonesia led to the 2% annual GDP and 80% growth of small-medium enterprises (SME). Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 24-24 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=004&rid=12270 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912270 Classification-JEL: E58, O10 Keywords: financial technology, central bank, financial regulator, regulation, regulating financial technology Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sedef Arikan Author-Name-First: Sedef Author-Name-Last: Arikan Author-Email: sedef.arikan@deu.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Dokuz Eylul University Title: Phosphate treatment by metal based filtration process Abstract: Excess phosphorus in natural water bodies is an unwanted situation due to its negative effect on aquatic life via causing eutrophication. Adequate phosphorus removal can not be possible by traditional water treatment methodes in order to ensure the discharge limits. In this study, fitration through metal (iron) containing media was used in order to treat phosphorus from synthetic wastewater. It is aimed that to apply this cost-effective process as an option for advanced wastewater treatment. Lab-scale column operation was carried on in this study. Influent water including PO4-P solution was prepared artificially from KH2PO4. Within this scope, the present work focussed on adsorption of phosphate as well as investigation of effect of co-existing anions (e.g. silicate) for iron media. In addition, breakthrough prediction of iron media was assessed by using fixed bed columns. Columns were operated until breakthrough point. Samples were taken periodically for phosphate measurements. Iron concentrations were also measured for effluents.Total phosphate was analysed by a ?ow injection analyzer (FIAstar 5000 Analyzer, FOSS Analytical, Denmark). Breakthrough curves showed that iron filter could be used until its breaktrough point (500 bed volume). Iron media had a good performance for phosphate intake; effluent concentration to initial phosphate concentration ratio occured nearly 80%. At the breakthrough point of the curves, the phosphate concentrations reached 20 ?g/L for metal media. Iron concentrations in effluents are negligible for this material and it shows that not so much iron dissolution and it is good for effluent quality. It can be said that iron filter for phosphate containing water seems suitable and cost effective process. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 25-25 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=005&rid=11988 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911988 Classification-JEL: Q53 Keywords: phosphate, iron, adsorption Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gokben Aydilek Author-Name-First: Gokben Author-Name-Last: Aydilek Author-Email: gokbenaydilek@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Gebze Technical University Author-Name: Murat Anil Mercan Author-Name-First: Murat Anil Author-Name-Last: Mercan Author-Email: mamercan@gtu.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Gebze Technical University Title: Marriage Market in Turkey: An Ionized Radiation Driven Natural Experiment Abstract: The disaster in the atomic power plant in Chernobyl in northwestern Ukraine on 26 April 1986 discharged extensive amounts of radioactive materials. The destroyed reactor released large amounts of radioactive material to the environment and atmospheric conditions carried the radioactive discharges to other regions, enwidening its area of impact and changing the lives of those who are exposed during different times of their lifecycles. In addition to the physiological health hazard it has caused, the Chernobyl Forum report on Health defines the mental health impact of Chernobyl as the largest public health problem caused by the very accident. Though there are studies analysing the effects of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation on the physical health status of people in their later lives, there are not many studies examining the psychosocial effects of prenatal exposure to the Chernobyl disaster. Previous studies examining the psychological effects of prenatal exposure to Chernobyl disaster conclude that people who are exposed to prenatal stress due to Chernobyl are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and poor self-rated health status compared to others. In Turkey, one of the countries affected by Chernobyl mostly in the Blacksea Region, there are no studies regarding the potential psychosocial damage that this disaster might have caused. As the exposure to Chernobyl could be regarded as a natural experiment, this study aims to fill the gap in the literature by analysing the psychosocial effects of the prenatal exposure to Chernobyl disaster in Turkey regarding the marriage decisions of people as a proxy for attachment. In this study, ?Family Structure Survey ? year 2016? data from the TurkStat questionnaire is exploited. The data is taken from a cross-sectional household survey conducted face-to-face on a nationally representative sample of 17,239 households; 35,475 individuals in the households who are above 15 years of age are interviewed. Given the strong cultural tendency of both men and women in Turkey to get married, the preliminary findings suggest a rather surprising effect that women who are exposed to maternal stress from their third trimester onwards are highly less likely to get married compared to those who are not. Our preliminary findings might suggest that stress related perturbations in fetal brain development during the third trimester might be related with the expanded predominance of negative mental status and might result in people leaving the marriage market by significantly differing from the cultural pattern. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 26-26 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=006&rid=12222 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912222 Classification-JEL: I10, I10, I19 Keywords: Natural experiment, Chernobyl disaster, marriage market, prenatal exposure Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nairi Babayan Author-Name-First: Nairi Author-Name-Last: Babayan Author-Email: tgrigoryan2018@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: H&H Trade FZCO Author-Name: Tsoghik Grigoryan Author-Name-First: Tsoghik Author-Name-Last: Grigoryan Author-Email: tgrigoryan@hct.ac.ae Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Colleges of Technology Title: An Evaluative Review of Innovation Adoption Approaches in Conducting Educational Research Abstract: Many approaches seek to describe the dynamic process of the implementation of innovation adoption. However, little is known about the factors linked to choices to adopt innovations and how the likelihood of adoption of innovations can be increased. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the recent practices of innovation adoption approaches in the field of education in the integration of mobile technology in the classroom. It presents an overview of the theories and approaches used to examine the process and effects of introducing new teaching methods into the educational system. The better the adoption approaches are understood, the more likely adoption challenges are addressed thus leading to primary operations. Length: 8 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 27-34 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=007&rid=11049 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911049 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Adoption, educational research, innovation adoption approaches, innovation adoption theories Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911049 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Bahat Author-Name-First: Esther Author-Name-Last: Bahat Author-Email: stbahat@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Haifa Israel Title: SELF-PROCESSES AS CONTRIBUTING TO ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT Abstract: It is well known that almost all models of organizational commitment are calculative and hedonistic. However, not all the organizational behaviors can be explained based on rational processes that aim to maximize personal benefits. We are witnessing personal differences. For example, actions performed for the benefits of others (person, organization), or for a person's own satisfaction (for example, expression of self-identity). According to his suggestion people are motivated to reflect in their actions their "real-self". This paper argues that self-processes (level of value realization and level of self-identity expression) contribute to collective work efforts, in addition to cost-benefit calculations (satisfaction of needs). While the OC research literature deals a lot with needs satisfaction as a contributor to OC there is almost no theoretical reference to the self-processes and no study examined there contribution to OC. This absence seems a bit peculiar given that the social psychology literature has devoted substantial attention to the "self" as a driver of behaviour. The study examined the relationships of three aspects of person-environment fit (P-O Fit) that contribute to OC - degree of: Needs fulfilment, values realization, self-identity expression, with manifestations of OC: "Identification", "contribution", "presence". The study was based on a questionnaire given to 444 respondents, all workers. Findings showed fulfilment of needs to be central in its contribution to OC manifestations, and that its highest contribution was to the component expressing "presence". However, satisfaction with values realization and self-identity expression also contributed to OC. Moreover, The three types of P-O Fit were distinct from one another, they contributed differentially to the explanation of OC manifestations, and their respective contributions to the prediction of OC level were additive. Therefore, organizations which put emphasis on satisfying their worker's needs but also allow realizing values and expressing self-identities should extract a higher degree of commitment from their members. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 35-35 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=008&rid=11268 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911268 Classification-JEL: Keywords: self-identity, person-organization fit, values, needs, organizational commitment Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Djamel Eddine BENAMIER Author-Name-First: Djamel Eddine Author-Name-Last: BENAMIER Author-Email: djameleddine.benamier@univ-msila.dz Author-Workplace-Name: University Mohamed BOUDIAF of M'Sila Title: The reform of the local administration in Algeria between actual challenges and future prospects Abstract: The local administration in Algeria is currently facing major challenges that have resulted from a number of social, economic and political developments. It has touched on several aspects of our lives. It has focused mainly on the change in society and the economy and the repercussions of globalization, the latest of which is the global economic and financial crisis. The role of these institutions and adapting their work to meet these challenges through reform. This reform process is among the new measures and measures to improve the management and management of local communities and to activate their role for economic and social development on a local scale, where this is done on two levels; the first covers the administrative side, and the second related to the financial side.In this paper we provide a brief explanation of the reform process, the most important challenges faced by local administration, the prospects for their development and the improvement of their administrative and financial performance to carry out their roles at the level of comprehensive national development and improving citizens' lives. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 36-36 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=009&rid=11802 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911802 Classification-JEL: Z00 Keywords: Reform, local administration, Algeria, administrative reform, financial reform. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911802 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Monika Bolek Author-Name-First: Monika Author-Name-Last: Bolek Author-Email: monika.bolek@uni.lodz.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz Author-Name: Rafal Wolski Author-Name-First: Rafal Author-Name-Last: Wolski Author-Email: monika.bolek@uni.lodz.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz Title: Rationality of more and less experienced groups of finance professionals. Example of Poland Abstract: The goal of this paper is to discuss the rationality of market professionals and analyze the behavioral biases they are subject to. It is assumed that less biased decisions are representing more rational behavior. Analyzing the groups of finance professionals: investment fund managers and finance students it has been proven, that managers are more rational than students and their decisions are less biased. The homo oeconomicus idea in relation to the professionals operating on a capital market is analyzed in the light of economic theories evolution together with the behavioral finance findings. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 37-52 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=010&rid=12031 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912031 Classification-JEL: E03, G02 Keywords: rationality, professionals, financial market, behavioral finance Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912031 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carl J. Case Author-Name-First: Carl J. Author-Name-Last: Case Author-Email: ccase@sbu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: St. Bonaventure University Author-Name: Darwin L. King Author-Name-First: Darwin L. Author-Name-Last: King Author-Email: dking@sbu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: St. Bonaventure University Author-Name: Julie A. Case Author-Name-First: Julie A. Author-Name-Last: Case Author-Email: jcase@sbu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: St. Bonaventure University Title: Profiling Social Media Usage and Trolling Incidence: A Gender Examination of Undergraduate Business Students Abstract: While social media participation continues to reach unprecedented levels, so has the incidence of online hate and harassment, also known as trolling. Because undergraduate business students will be the future users and managers of social media, this study was undertaken to empirically examine social media participation and trolling incidence by gender. Results demonstrate that although there are more than a dozen social media sites, undergraduates primarily use five sites. When comparing gender, females spent more minutes per day and had a higher subscription per site on nearly all study sites than males. In terms of trolling, while both genders received nearly the same volume of trolls per person, a larger percentage of males versus females were trolled in nearly all the study sites. Overall, findings suggest that gender is a factor both with respect to social media participation and trolling incidence. Length: 14 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 53-66 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=011&rid=12185 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912185 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Trolling, Social Media Usage, Empirical Study, Online Behavior, Gender, Business Students Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Soumaya Cheikhrouhou Author-Name-First: Soumaya Author-Name-Last: Cheikhrouhou Author-Email: Soumaya.Cheikhrouhou@usherbrooke.ca Author-Workplace-Name: École de gestion, Université de Sherbrooke Author-Name: Deny Bélisle Author-Name-First: Deny Author-Name-Last: Bélisle Author-Email: Deny.Belisle@usherbrooke.ca Author-Workplace-Name: École de gestion, Université de Sherbrooke Title: Package Transparency, Opacity, and Windowing: An Investigation of the Canadian Food Industry Practices Abstract: Package often represents the consumers? first contact with the product on the point of purchase (Underwood & Klein, 2002). Besides, consumers exposure to package often continues until its full consumption (Chandon, 2013). Package design elements have been shown to be a critical source of information consumers use to forge expectations and make choices about products and brands (Greenleaf & Raghubir, 2008; Orth & Malkewitz, 2008). While the marketing literature has seen a recent interest in the study of the effect of package design elements on product evaluation (e.g., Koo & Suk, 2016; Lui et al., 2017; Rundh, 2013), research on package transparency has been scarce (Deng and Srinivasan, 2013). However, understanding the use of transparency is key as it corresponds to a strong trend where consumers want to see what they are buying (Schürmann, 2008) and it has been shown to influence the amount of product consumed (Deng & Srinivasan, 2013). This study aims at contributing to the marketing research on structural package design elements, in particular transparency, by investigating the Canadian food industry?s practices. A quantitative content analysis of 1,500 packages belonging to product categories where the use of transparency, opacity, and on-package windows is prevalent has been undertaken. This research offers a comprehensive understanding of the wide array of transparency, opacity and windowing practices adopted by food manufacturers and producers in different contexts. It highlights several future research avenues in terms of understanding the role of package opacity level, shape and location of windows, and substituting or complementing a displayed image on consumer product and brand judgement. From a managerial standpoint, it offers a broad view of the current use of transparency in several industries and underlines the advantages and downsides of the use of this package design element by food producers and manufacturers. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 67-67 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=012&rid=12334 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912334 Classification-JEL: M31, M30, M00 Keywords: Package design, transparency, opacity, windowing, quantitative content analysis. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Riané Dalziel Author-Name-First: Riané Author-Name-Last: Dalziel Author-Email: Riane.Dalziel@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Influence of celebrities and salespeople on female Generation Y students? attitudes towards beauty products Abstract: The social environment of young consumers plays an important role in their consumption behaviour. Consumers seek additional information from personal sources before they commit to purchase a product. Personal sources can include friends, family members, salespeople or even strangers, as well as media sources. Celebrities can also influence consumers purchase decisions, especially Generation Y consumers, as these individuals are obsessed with celebrities, preoccupied with celebrity image and will go to extreme measures to replicate celebrity styles. Celebrities are often used to build brand images within the fashion industry. Fashion includes various consumer products, such as automobiles, clothing, cosmetics, food, footwear, housing, music and perfumery. Cosmetics, also known as beauty products, comprise products used to care for, clean and improve the human body. The beauty product industry is a noteworthy industry, representing a significant share of the global economy. This industry is showing tremendous growth, as it was estimated to be worth 532 billion USD in 2017, with an expected growth of up to 863 billion USD by 2024. Generation Y consumers spend a significant amount of their time and energy on shopping, more specifically shopping for fashion products, resulting in them spending a considerable amount of their disposable income on these products. Furthermore, these consumers are known to have well-paid jobs, substantial spending power and a high social standing, and are therefore becoming an emerging financial force. Consequently, this paper sought to determine the influence celebrities and salespeople have on female Generation Y students? attitude towards beauty products. Data collection was done using a self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of female 610 students across the campuses of three higher education institutions within the Gauteng province of South Africa. Data was analysed by means of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, reliability and validity measures and regression analysis. The findings suggest that celebrities and salespeople have a significant direct influence on Generation Y female students? attitude towards beauty products. Marketers and retailers can use the results of this study to effectively market beauty products to South African female Generation Y students. This can be done by training salespeople to provide consumers with the needed assistance in order to make the correct purchase decisions. Marketers and retailers can also make use of celebrities to endorse, use and review beauty products. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 68-83 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=013&rid=12337 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912337 Classification-JEL: M31 Keywords: Attitude, Generation Y, celebrity influence, salesperson influence, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: M?d?lina Dan Author-Name-First: M?d?lina Author-Name-Last: Dan Author-Email: madalina.dan@econ.ubbcluj.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Babe?-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Author-Name: Enikö Elisabeta Bodea Author-Name-First: Enikö Elisabeta Author-Name-Last: Bodea Author-Email: eniko.bodea@econ.ubbcluj.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Babe?-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Author-Name: Eugenia Ciocoiu Author-Name-First: Eugenia Author-Name-Last: Ciocoiu Author-Email: eugenia.ciocoiu@econ.ubbcluj.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Babe?-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Author-Name: Alin Mih?il? Author-Name-First: Alin Author-Name-Last: Mih?il? Author-Email: alin.mihaila@econ.ubbcluj.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Babe?-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Author-Name: Emil Cri?an Author-Name-First: Emil Author-Name-Last: Cri?an Author-Email: emil.crisan@econ.ubbcluj.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Babe?-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Title: A framework for linking imaginary to culture and other related concepts Abstract: Imaginary, also defined in the literature as imaginaire and imaginal, which are concepts developed by the French school of research on imagination (?recherches sur l?imaginaire?) and which have their roots in the Latin words ?imago? and ?imaginatio?, is the main focus of our paper. Imaginary refers to the products of imagination and the representations created by an individual or collective fantasy. Given the narrow use of these concepts by international researchers, one research opportunity we have observed is to clarify the boundaries and connections between imaginary and other related concepts, as culture, social imaginary, social representations and others. The question this paper answers is the following: is imaginary just culture or more? In order to answer it, we revise the literature concerning the concepts mentioned above, and also models which explain the emergence of culture and its component elements. Based on these conceptual analysis, we propose a representation for the imaginary with the aim of better understanding this concept. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 84-84 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=014&rid=12362 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912362 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Imaginary, culture, social imaginary, social representations Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jacobus Johannes de Jongh Author-Name-First: Jacobus Johannes Author-Name-Last: de Jongh Author-Email: Jacques.deJongh@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University, South Africa Title: Understanding the Drivers of Long-Term Youth Unemployment: Micro-Level Evidence from South Africa Abstract: Significantly high youth unemployment rates have become a prominent economic and social feature around the globe. The situation from a South African perspective has reached critical stages with an ominously high and increasing number of unemployed youth contributing to excessive poverty and inequality levels. Whilst concerns surrounding their inability to access decent employment opportunities have become prominent, the longevity of the cohort?s failure to secure work has undoubtedly become the leading trepidation for the country?s economic development objectives. Academic discourse surrounding the issue has continuously emphasised the potential scarring effects for young people, reiterating the loss of valuable future human capital levels as well as the risk of social exclusion. Despite these concerns, evidence, especially from developing regions, as to what drives long-term unemployment among the cohort still remain novel, necessitating analyses on both the demographic and work-related factors contributing to the situation. As such, the primary objective of the study was to identify the main microeconomic drivers of long-term youth unemployment in South Africa. A quantitative approach and cross-sectional research design were employed by using secondary data obtained from Statistics South Africa?s 2019 Quarterly Labour Force Survey. The sample comprised a total of 4544 unemployed job seekers. The statistical analysis included the use of descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and the use of a binary logistic regression. The study?s findings revealed the long-term nature surrounding cohort?s unemployment to be affected by an array of factors. Amongst the more prominent of these included a lack of experience, skill mismatches and an underlining preference amongst the cohort for highly job secure work opportunities. In addition to this, various inter-regional disparities, high job search costs and low social capital levels all seemed to increase the likelihood of being unemployed for longer than 12 months. Henceforth, addressing this situation necessitates a multi-pronged approach. This requires the creation of a sustainable and inclusive economic growth path that stimulates the demand for a variety of skills in various sectors. Moreover, government at all levels should exude a strong political will to enhance the current education system and create an enabling environment in which much needed public-private sector partnership formation can take place. The latter should specifically seek to provide quality work-integrated learning programmes that promote the development of both soft and technical skills, smoothing the successful transition of the cohort to the labour market. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 85-100 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=015&rid=12297 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912297 Classification-JEL: J01, J13, J64 Keywords: Youth, unemployment, long-term, South Africa, labour market. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jacobus Johannes de Jongh Author-Name-First: Jacobus Johannes Author-Name-Last: de Jongh Author-Email: Jacques.deJongh@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Precious Mncayi Author-Name-First: Precious Author-Name-Last: Mncayi Author-Email: Precious.Mnacyi@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: An analysis of the factors affecting discouragement in South Africa?s labour market Abstract: In recent years, labour markets across the world have been characterised by instability and insecurity, with employment being scarce. Even though the 21st century has brought with it technological change and a rise in the importance of education for better employment prospects, it has likewise resulted in increased uncertainty which has failed to guarantee employment for work-seekers. For those who want to work, the failure to secure employment has been a source of enormous hardships both personally and economically. This is not unique to South Africa as the country is plagued with very high unemployment rates and a unique case of a significant amount of discouragement amongst its work-seekers. Whilst unemployment indicators have largely followed international standards, the failure to incorporate those who have abstained from searching has inadvertently contributed to a lack of understanding regarding the nature of discouragement in the labour market. Against this background, using data collected through the 2019 Quarterly Labour Force Survey, the study analyses the impact of several factors that influence discouragement in the South African labour market. A quantitative and cross-sectional research design was employed while descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and a binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that discouragement is influenced by a myriad of factors which point to the poor health of the labour market. In particular, a low absorption capacity, structural mismatches and the use of ineffective and ill-informed job-search methods all contributed to the likelihood of abnegation in job search activity. Moreover, various demographic variables such as age, race and geographical location were found to be significant predictors, reflecting the impact of various labour market inequalities that have deterred the progress in improving labour market outcomes. The results in this regard, carry imperative implications towards the comprehension of the dynamics surrounding the functioning of labour markets, especially from a developing context. In addressing the situation, a drastic shift in policy formulation directed towards the labour market as well as the creation of sustainable inclusive growth is recommended. This should include the relaxation of labour market regulations and the creation of enabling environments for the private sector that can assist in the establishment of sustainable employment opportunities. Moreover, strategies directed towards the development of quality labour market services such as intermediation, the provision of public works programmes and job search assistance should be proliferated in order to improve the jobseeker-employer matching process. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 101-101 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=016&rid=12304 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912304 Classification-JEL: J01, J21, O15 Keywords: Discouragement; work-seekers, labour markets, South Africa, unemployment. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Dobrynskaya Author-Name-First: Victoria Author-Name-Last: Dobrynskaya Author-Email: vdobrynskaya@hse.ru Author-Workplace-Name: National Research University Higher School of Economics Title: Avoiding Momentum Crashes: Dynamic Momentum and Contrarian Trading Abstract: High momentum returns cannot be explained by risk factors, but they are negatively skewed and subject to occasional severe crashes. I explore the timing of momentum crashes and show that momentum strategies tend to crash in 1-3 months after the local stock market plunge. Next, I propose a simple dynamic trading strategy which coincides with the standard momentum strategy in calm times, but switches to the opposite contrarian strategy after a market crash and keeps the contrarian position for three months, after which it reverts back to the momentum position. The dynamic momentum strategy turns all major momentum crashes into gains and yields an average return, which is about 1.5 times as high as the standard momentum return. The dynamic momentum returns are positively skewed and not exposed to risk factors, have high Sharpe ratio and alpha, persist in different time periods and geographical markets around the globe. Length: 34 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 102-135 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=017&rid=12063 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912063 Classification-JEL: G12, G14, G15 Keywords: momentum, contrarian, downside risk, crash risk, trading strategy Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912063 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hilda Bongazana Dondolo Author-Name-First: Hilda Bongazana Author-Name-Last: Dondolo Author-Email: DondoloB@tut.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: Tshwane University of Technology Author-Name: Lerato Mamadiye Phume Author-Name-First: Lerato Mamadiye Author-Name-Last: Phume Author-Email: leratophume@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Tshwane University of Technology Author-Name: David Pieter Conradie Author-Name-First: David Pieter Author-Name-Last: Conradie Author-Email: ConradieDP@tut.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: Tshwane University of Technology Title: Modelling predictors of social media use in the legal profession context Abstract: While social media have offered opportunities for information sharing, creating an interaction among people and organisations including the legal profession, an understanding of how the legal profession intend to use social media to carry out their daily activities is not known. The purpose of this study was to test a model which measured the proposed predictors of intentions to use social media in the legal profession. Hypotheses were formulated and data were collected from 350 respondents employed in the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, National Prosecution Authority, Legal Aid South Africa, Legal Resource Centre and South African Human Rights Commission. Research scales for the study were adapted from previous research and were modified to fit this study?s research context. The results indicate that perceived ease of use, perceived reachability and job relevance predict legal profession intentions to use social media. Implications and the implications of the study were discussed. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 136-136 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=018&rid=12232 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912232 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Intentions, legal profession, perceived ease of use, job relevance, perceived reachability Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Krzysztof Echaust Author-Name-First: Krzysztof Author-Name-Last: Echaust Author-Email: k.echaust@ue.poznan.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pozna? University of Economics and Business Title: How do market movements affect options prices? Abstract: According to the theory of financial engineering the valuation of financial instruments takes place in the risk-neutral pricing framework. In this case, the valuation of financial instruments is made without taking into account the risk and, as a consequence, the influence of market movements on options valuation is ignored. In this work, we try to check whether the valuation of call and put is independent on the condition of the capital market. We analyse investors propensity to buy call options during the bull market and put options during market downturns. In this study 678 options series listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange are considered in the period from 2007 to 2018. The results of the conducted research indicate differences in the valuation of both types of options. Put options are priced with a higher level of volatility in times of extreme risk, but the valuation of call options does not depend on situation on the financial market. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 137-137 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=019&rid=12275 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912275 Classification-JEL: G13, G10 Keywords: implied volatility, option, call, put, pricing Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sabrina Elbachir Author-Name-First: Sabrina Author-Name-Last: Elbachir Author-Email: s.elbachir@univ-mascara.dz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Mascara Title: The impact of Cognitive Dissonance on Young Entrepreneurs Abstract: Cognitive dissonance is a protective mechanism that we use to justify our actions or behaviors. This happens because our mind tries to make sure that our actions conform to our beliefs, attitudes and expectations of ourselves. In other words, our natural tendency is to perceive our actions and behaviors as being consistent with our self-image. This paper aims to a better understanding of the theory of cognitive dissonance in the context of business sciences, and more specifically, in the discipline of entrepreneurship. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a sample of young entrepreneurs in the western region of Algeria, the results show the impact of cognitive dissonance on the decisions taken by them during the management of their businesses.. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 138-138 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=020&rid=11151 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911151 Classification-JEL: M13, G11 Keywords: Cognitive dissonance, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: LIGIA MEIBOL FAJARDO VACA Author-Name-First: LIGIA MEIBOL Author-Name-Last: FAJARDO VACA Author-Email: meybollita07@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE MILAGRO Author-Name: CARLOS EFRAIN VÁSQUEZ FAJARDO Author-Name-First: CARLOS EFRAIN Author-Name-Last: VÁSQUEZ FAJARDO Author-Email: cevazf@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE MILAGRO Title: ETHICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE ACCOUNTANT AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIETY Abstract: The accountant in his professional act leads to various situations that, if not observed the provisions, legal statuses and apply their code of professional ethics, would face inherent risks that may transgress their professionalism and lose the faith and trust of the interested parties, who as social actors deposit in this type of professionals. The practice of this profession has been questioned deliberately throughout history, due to the evident cases of unethical behavior that affect not only business activities but also the financial situation of companies. Society in general has placed its trust in these professionals, to maneuver financial, accounting, tax, fiscal and control information. The audits that it executes allow to formulate audit findings related to the weaknesses of internal control, to express non-binding opinions, opinions that may or may not serve administrative judicial outcomes according to the circumstances arising from the requirement to develop their work, largely with responsibility and independence, with applicability of the rules of conduct, as a guarantee of transparency, that allows generating trust in companies and society. The objective of this research is to generate a reflexive analysis about the ethical behavior of the accounting professional and his contribution to society; it shows some ethical tools that can guide and facilitate the fulfillment of its delicate functions, they are regulated by fundamental principles and Ethics Rules that allow the strengthening of their public work in the profession. The type of study is qualitative, descriptive, and bibliographic. The main conclusions revolve around the importance of the ethics of the public accountant and the need to become aware, to acquire on a large scale the principles and rules of behavior, with primacy in their moral and personal values within their independent and professional actions, always oriented to the social function, always demonstrating its ethical integrity, morality, purity and justice, that of applying them contribute in a timely manner to the quality of life of society in general. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 139-139 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=021&rid=11914 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911914 Classification-JEL: M49, M41 Keywords: Ethical behavior, the accountant, responsibility, code of ethics Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911914 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Alfredo Fernandez Ronquillo Author-Name-First: Mario Alfredo Author-Name-Last: Fernandez Ronquillo Author-Email: mariofernandez57@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad Estatal de Milagro Title: Self-regulation as a basic competence in the productive development of micro entrepreneurs in depressed environments: Case Province of Guayas - Ecuador Abstract: The microenterprise in Ecuador has a participation of approximately 90% of the productive activity of the country, with the Province of Guayas being the region with the highest percentage of representation, around 25% of the total. Microenterprises are an important source of employment; and, for most micro entrepreneurs, they are generators of self-employment. Ecuadorian microenterprises, in a percentage close to 70%, are managed only by the micro entrepreneur and do not employ additional people. Currently, these companies do not tend to grow, and are considered as survival companies; factor that has high incidence as one of the causes that maintain depressed environments; that are conceptually defined as areas with high rates of poverty and extreme poverty, a very particular characteristic in developing countries, such as Ecuador. Under this premise, 379 micro entrepreneurs located in the region under study were surveyed, using the competency assessment questionnaire developed by Boyatzis in 1991, and applying a new 360 degree instrument called Emotional Competency Inventory, ECI 2.0 (Hay Group McClelland Center for Research and Innovation, 2005), whose data show the level of knowledge that micro entrepreneurs have about their basic competencies, classified into four groups: self-awareness, self-regulation, social awareness, and relationship management. In the present study, self-regulation is analyzed, whose detail is reflected in the related sub competences: 1) emotional self-control, 2) transparency, 3) adaptability, 4) achievement, 5) initiative, 6) optimism. The results of this analysis present to the micro-entrepreneurs, as individuals who qualify with a high degree of self-control, a lot of optimism and great initiative. In addition, they are considered adaptable to changes, and willing to achieve, through the transparency of their actions. These resulting elements should be used by the academy or institutions related to micro entrepreneurs, to promote support programs that enhance these skills, and contribute to the development and productive growth of the microenterprise sector. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 140-140 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=022&rid=11839 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911839 Classification-JEL: O15, L26, N86 Keywords: basic competence, micro entrepreneur, self-regulation, depressed environments, microenterprise Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911839 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Abeid Francis Gaspar Author-Name-First: Abeid Francis Author-Name-Last: Gaspar Author-Email: abeidg@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Finance Management Title: Auditing and Trust Relationship between auditors and client?s management: Case study of Tanzanian Local Governments Abstract: This paper examines the interaction between auditing and the trust relationship between external auditors and members of management in the context of Tanzanian Local Government Authorities (TLGAs). The study employs an interpretive research methodology. The empirical data was gathered through in-depth interviews with the auditors and the members of management from the two TLGAs. Other sources of data included review of relevant documents and observation. The study found that trust relationship between the auditors and management play a crucial role in the auditing process. It has also revealed that both the auditors and members of management employed various strategies to manage mutual trust perceptions in the course of auditing. This influenced audit procedures as well as outcomes. The study contributes to the empirical auditing literature on trust, particularly in the context of public sector entities. The findings show that trust relationship between auditors and client?s management is likely to influence efficiency in the auditing process. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 141-141 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=023&rid=12285 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912285 Classification-JEL: M42 Keywords: Auditing, Trust, Tanzania, Local governments, Grounded theory Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tsoghik Grigoryan Author-Name-First: Tsoghik Author-Name-Last: Grigoryan Author-Email: tgrigoryan@hct.ac.ae Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Colleges of Technology Author-Name: Janice Coats Author-Name-First: Janice Author-Name-Last: Coats Author-Email: jcoats@hct.ac.ae Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Colleges of Technology Author-Name: Paolo Rossetti Author-Name-First: Paolo Author-Name-Last: Rossetti Author-Email: prossetti@hct.ac.ae Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Colleges of Technology Title: Essential Skills for At-risk Students? Advising: Activity Theory Based Analysis of a Pilot Study Abstract: First year bachelor students have a much higher level of responsibility than they experienced in foundations or high school. Students who do not manage their responsibilities well may experience failure in classes that can lower their self-concept and cause them to drop out of college altogether. For many of these students, the academic difficulty of the bachelor courses was compounded by a lack of student skills. To address this issue, the Academic Success Program (ASP) Coordinators at one of the tertiary level institutions in the United Arab Emirates presented an initiative to the management team to help codify the procedures for dealing with at-risk students. In this initiative, the ASP personnel met individually with the identified students twice with a two week interval, discussed the Essential Skills for College Students and worked with them to create individual learning plans to improve their skills. To keep the learning plan in focus, the students kept daily reflective journals for two weeks identifying the actions they took to improve their skills and met again the ASP personnel to discuss successes and further challenges that needed to be addressed. The analysis showed that when students reflect, the value of reflections stem from the ways through which learning is achieved, whether students are able to develop study skills through growth mind set and whether they are able to control the learning speed and style of interaction. So, from the ASP perspective in learning, control of learning can be achieved based on learner characteristics such as self-efficacy and self-regulation, which, as students? reflections showed, can successfully result in motivation and active learning. Length: 17 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 142-158 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=024&rid=11046 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911046 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Activity Theory, advising, at-risk students, essential skills, pilot study, reflective journals Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911046 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kylo-Patrick Hart Author-Name-First: Kylo-Patrick Author-Name-Last: Hart Author-Email: k.hart@tcu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Texas Christian University Title: Socially Constructing a Moral Utopia: Representing Rural Spaces and Places in American Movies about HIV/AIDS Abstract: With regard to American movies about HIV/AIDS, the social construction of rural spaces and places is one that is much more innocent and pure than the social construction of urban environs. Accordingly, this presentation analyzes the social construction of rural locations as a moral utopia in representative AIDS movies made and released in the United States during the first two decades of the AIDS pandemic. It articulates the representational connections in such offerings between traditional ways of being and purity, values of the past and wholesome continuity, innocent iconography and patriarchal expectations. When all is said and done, this presentation demonstrates how rural spaces and places in American AIDS movies came to represent all that is morally good and pure in U.S. society, in dramatic contrast to representations of urban spaces and places and their continual associations with excess, depravity, monstrosity, pollution, and sickness. It further demonstrates how these influential representations regularly reinforced inaccurate perceptions of HIV/AIDS as a threat almost exclusively to residents of urban environments, thereby concealing more accurate social information about the realities of the AIDS pandemic and the range of individuals ? in all sorts of spaces and places ? who needed to proactively protect themselves from its spread. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 159-159 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=025&rid=11904 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911904 Classification-JEL: I10, L82, N90 Keywords: cinema, HIV/AIDS, media, purity, representation, rural areas, social constructionism, utopia Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911904 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sabina Hod?i? Author-Name-First: Sabina Author-Name-Last: Hod?i? Author-Email: sabinah@fthm.hr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka Author-Name: Lucija Rogi? Duman?i? Author-Name-First: Lucija Author-Name-Last: Rogi? Duman?i? Author-Email: lrogic@efzg.hr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb Author-Name: Emira Be?i? Author-Name-First: Emira Author-Name-Last: Be?i? Author-Email: becic.emira@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Croatian Bureau of Statistics Title: Financial stability of pension system in the European Union member states Abstract: The pension systems in European Union member states are very diverse, due to traditions how to provide retirement income, and to phases of the reform process. This system is also very important in the context of the social security of every individual or the society in which is settled. Since the system is influenced by changes in demographic fluctuations, living conditions, economic growth and so forth, it is very challenging for every European Union member state to keep the financial stability. To solve that problem, this paper aims to examine the financial stability of pension system in the European Union member states in the period 2003-2018. To obtain empirical results panel data analysis has been applied. The results showed that countries with higher old-age dependency ratio, life expectancy at age 65, replacement rate and poverty rate and public debt will also have higher pension expenditure, in average, while factors related to labour market negatively affects the pension spending. Length: 9 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 160-168 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=026&rid=12130 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912130 Classification-JEL: H55, J21, J26 Keywords: pension system, pension expenditure, financial stability, panel model, European Union Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ma?gorzata Just Author-Name-First: Ma?gorzata Author-Name-Last: Just Author-Email: malgorzata.just@up.poznan.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pozna? University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Finance and Accounting Author-Name: Aleksandra ?uczak Author-Name-First: Aleksandra Author-Name-Last: ?uczak Author-Email: aleksandra.luczak@up.poznan.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pozna? University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Finance and Accounting Title: Assessment of conditional dependence structure in commodity futures markets using copula-GARCH models and fuzzy clustering methods Abstract: The dynamic development of commodity derivatives markets has been observed since the mid 2000s. The main reasons for these changes include the development of e-commerce, the inflow of financial investors' capital, the emergence of passively managed index funds focused on commodities and ETFs. This development is accompanied by changes in the dependence structure in the markets. The aim of this study was to assess the conditional dependence structure in various commodity futures markets (energy, metals, grains and oilseeds, soft commodities, agricultural commodities) in the period from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2018. Particular aim was to identify the moments of change (transitions from one market state to another state) in the dependence structure. The copula-based multivariate GARCH models were used to describe the dynamics of dependencies between the returns from commodity futures contracts and the dynamic Kendall's tau correlation coefficients were applied to measure the strength of dependencies. The daily changes in the conditional dependence structure in the markets (changes of market states) were identified with the fuzzy c-means method. In the period 2000?2018, the conditional dependence structure in commodity futures markets was not stable, as evidenced by the identified different states of the markets (two in the metals market, the grains and oilseeds market, the softs market and the agricultural market and three in the energy market). Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 169-169 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=027&rid=12191 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912191 Classification-JEL: C58, C38, Q02 Keywords: commodity futures, copula, GARCH, dynamic dependencies, Kendall's tau coefficient, market states, fuzzy clustering methods Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alica Kahúnová Author-Name-First: Alica Author-Name-Last: Kahúnová Author-Email: alica.kahunova@centrum.sk Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Management Title: The third role of a Czech public university: case study from Czech Republic Abstract: In last decades, colleges and universities across the world have undergone developmental changes, which had direct impact on the roles these bodies play in society. As well as the private sector, they are also forced to react to demands of changing society. The first and the second role of colleges and universities, the educational and the research role, was complemented by another one - the social role. It?s closely related to social responsibility. Currently, this third role is a common part of universities? strategic plans worldwide. The question is how efficiently is such role fulfilled in reality. The article deals with the perception of the third role of a Czech public university - Mendel University Brno when viewed by one of its stakeholders - the local community. Based upon the primary research, it is examined what is the impact of the third role and what meaning it brings to the local community. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 170-170 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=028&rid=12217 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912217 Classification-JEL: A20, I23, M14 Keywords: university, third role, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder, local community, impact Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Piotr K?tski Author-Name-First: Piotr Author-Name-Last: K?tski Author-Email: piotr.katski@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Maria Curie-Sk?odowska University, Lublin Title: Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the trade in goods of the United States, Canada and Mexico Abstract: The aim is to investigate the effect of the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the development of trade relations between the signatories (the United States, Canada and Mexico). The analysis was based on the data regarding trade values between the parties to the treaty in years 1994-2017. Moreover, their market share in overall imports and exports is compared for start and end years. Data used come from the World Bank, Statistics Canada and U.S. Census Bureau. It can be concluded that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had a mixed effect on the bilateral trade relations within the bloc. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 171-171 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=029&rid=12170 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912170 Classification-JEL: F10, F15 Keywords: NAFTA, United States, Mexico, Canada, free trade agreement, import, export Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Llewellyn Leonard Author-Name-First: Llewellyn Author-Name-Last: Leonard Author-Email: llewel@unisa.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Africa Title: How mining is threatening the sustainability of the South African nature tourism sector and civil society response Abstract: South African tourism geography studies have largely ignored how issues of industrial pollution and development such as for mining have affected nature tourism and conservation sites. It is argued in this chapter that South Africa?s transition to democracy has not necessarily resulted in improved governance and protection of nature tourism destinations from industrial developments, with the government approving mining licenses in these sites. Historical and new mining operations in South Africa are affecting nature tourism sites and sustainable tourism development. This chapter explores selected cases to examine how mining is affecting and/or has the potential to impact on nature tourism sites. It also examines civil society response to address mining development impacts in such areas. Results indicate that despite government apathy to protect nature tourism sites and enforce regulations, civil society has the potential to halt mining development and protect nature tourism resources. However, inter and intraracial/class conflict in local communities over mining development versus tourism needs to be addressed, in addition to the lack of tourism employment opportunities for local communities. Education about sustainable tourism development is essential to ensure long-term sustainable tourism and local development over mining Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 172-172 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=030&rid=11399 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911399 Classification-JEL: D63 Keywords: Nature tourism, Civil society, Conservation, Sustainable tourism development Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911399 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Iwona Lupa-Wójcik Author-Name-First: Iwona Author-Name-Last: Lupa-Wójcik Author-Email: iwona.lupa@wp.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pedagogical University of Krakow Title: TO WHAT EXTENT HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS INFLUENCE THE PURCHASING DECISIONS OF FACEBOOK USERS IN CASE OF SELECTED PRODUCTS? NEW FACEBOOK AD TOOL CONSIDERATION Abstract: Facebook has played a significant role in the advertising budget of companies for a long time already. This social network provides complex advertising tools for organizations. For example, there is a possibility to target one advertisement to all family members or only to that household member who has a decisive influence on consumer decisions in a given household. Identifying people who actually make decisions about household purchases means more effective advertising for businesses. The article presents the results of surveys reaserch conducted on Polish Facebook users. The research concerns consumer decisions taken in relation to various types of products. Different household sizes and different incomes were included. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 173-173 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=031&rid=12339 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912339 Classification-JEL: A10, D19, M30 Keywords: consumer decisions, Facebook, advertising, household, social media Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Iwona Lupa-Wójcik Author-Name-First: Iwona Author-Name-Last: Lupa-Wójcik Author-Email: iwona.lupa@wp.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pedagogical University of Krakow Title: The role of social media in economy - selected issues in microeconomic consideration Abstract: The growing importance of social media in the economy has been observed for a long time already. Their impact is multidimensional and applies to all sectors: private, public and non-governmental. This article focuses on selected microeconomic aspects. The author has considered the impact of social media on businesses and consumer behavior. It was determined how social media enables enterprises to interact with consumers and affect demand and supply, including the phenomenon of prosumption. Thus, it can be assumed that social media affect the economic equilibrium. In addition, social media allows to optimize operating costs and enable more efficient use of resources. They also have a real impact on consumer decisions. Thanks to the case study method, it was possible to show the significant role of social media in the economy in a microeconomic perspective. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 174-174 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=032&rid=12340 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912340 Classification-JEL: A10, M21, D19 Keywords: social media, social media economy, microeconomy, consumer decisions Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Loyiso Luvalo Author-Name-First: Loyiso Author-Name-Last: Luvalo Author-Email: luvallm@unisa.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Africa Title: Ubuntu Philosophy on dealing with patriachy Abstract: South Africa still shows signs of being a very patriarchal society, according to literature and this somehow leads to instances where rights of women and children are trampled on because of male-favouring environment. This seems to be the case despite the constitution and current laws that are prohibiting discrimination on grounds of one?s gender. Applying Ubuntu philosophy, on how patriarchy can be a remedy in today?s society as opposed to perpetuating ignorance of both women and children?s rights. The paper draws on the Eastern Cape?s chapter of South Africa?s National Research Foundation (NRF) - funded ?Archaeology of Ubuntu?s study to explore the notion of Ubuntu as a moral concept. Archaeology of Ubuntu study regards community elders, as the custodians of African epistemologies, who should be consulted while still alive because once they die all the wisdom and knowledge of cultures get lost with them. In this paper, it is argued that through Ubuntu philosophy, patriarchy in the olden days did not mean ignoring of rights of women and children. The paper finds that isiXhosa speaking elders through Ubuntu philosophy, patriarchy enabled caring of the vulnerable in the society, which are women, children and the elderly. Therefore, the conclusion is that Ubuntu philosophy can still be applied in remedying the ever-increasing incidents of trampling of women and children?s right in a patriarchal South African society. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 175-175 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=033&rid=11687 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911687 Classification-JEL: D63 Keywords: Ubuntu,patriachy,human rights, education and gender equality Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Simona Macková Author-Name-First: Simona Author-Name-Last: Macková Author-Email: simona.mackova1306@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Title: Spatial Analysis on German Economic Structure and Its Changes in Time Abstract: Next year, Germany is going to celebrate the thirties anniversary of its reunification. Several years of separation into two part had huge impact on their economic development. Former western Germany entered the new republic as economically much stronger member. According to observation of main macroeconomic variables such as GDP, unemployment rate or household income, this gap is definitely narrowing but has not disappear completely yet. This contribution aims to bring a descriptive insigne of current economic structure of the country using choropleths which is an irreplaceable tool of regional analysis. The differences and significance of the former division are analysed using spatio-temporal approaches. Spatial econometrics considers geographical location of observed units that could bring important additional information into the analysis. Development in time is observed as well. As a measurement of prosperity, GDP, purchasing power standard or level of education are used. Diversity of industry and several demographic variables are supporting this analysis. Assumptions of changes in economic structure and existence of persistence former parts differences are proved by suitable spatial econometric models for panel data. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 176-176 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=034&rid=12364 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912364 Classification-JEL: Keywords: spatial analysis, economic structure, Germany reunification, choropleth Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natália Matkov?íková Author-Name-First: Natália Author-Name-Last: Matkov?íková Author-Email: natalia.matkovcikova@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business Management, University of Economics in Bratislava Author-Name: Miroslava Szarková Author-Name-First: Miroslava Author-Name-Last: Szarková Author-Email: szarkova@euba.sk Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business Management, University of Economics in Bratislava Title: Company tools to attract and recruit quality workforce in the labor market Abstract: The current situation on the labor market is characterized by the struggle of companies for a quality workforce. Due to the lack of suitable candidates in the labor market, employers are offered a solution in the form of sufficiently interesting personnel marketing tools that companies can attract potential candidates. The paper analyzes and presents the results of the research of most effective tools for attracting and recruiting a suitable workforce on the labor market in the context of competition between small and medium companies in Slovakia. The paper points out that modern tools and methods of personal marketing are currently of great importance for companies to attract and engage suitable talents. Companies are starting to adapt these tools to generations of millennials, whose position in the labor market is increasingly important. The paper is a solution of VEGA project No. 1/0309/18. Length: 10 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 177-186 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=035&rid=12208 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912208 Classification-JEL: M31, M54 Keywords: personnel marketing, personnel marketing tools, labor market, labor force, social media Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Matul?íková Author-Name-First: Marta Author-Name-Last: Matul?íková Author-Email: marta.matulcikova@euba.sk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics in Bratislava Author-Name: Benita Belá?ová Author-Name-First: Benita Author-Name-Last: Belá?ová Author-Email: benita.belanova@euba.sk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics in Bratislava Title: Identification of learning needs in interdisciplinary education Abstract: Evaluation of the work, requirements for the performance of work activities belong to the starting factors of monitoring and identifying needs of education. Job requirements and the performance of work activities at workplace are often connected with the requirements for knowledge, skills and experience in other fields than the qualification requirements defined for the job performance. When providing medical care, the main role is played by the medical personnel: doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and other workers, who perform demanding and responsible jobs in the course of citizen health protection. Doctors do their jobs in various types of medical facilities and are situated in various functional and job positions. These facts influence the requirements for skills, economic knowledge and financial literacy, which is not required for the medical job performance. Graduates form medical branches, except for employment relation, can perform the medical job based on defined permissions, licences, and in the implementation of freelance job. A doctor is becoming an entrepreneur and frequently has to master numerous administrative and economic activities. Graduates in medical/doctoral study programmes proceed after successful performance of medical practice/clinical practice to managerial positions on line, middle but also top levels in health facilities. The job performance necessitates also demands on knowledge and skills of managerial and economic disciplines, which represent a supplement to defined requirements for the job performance. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 187-197 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=036&rid=12155 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912155 Classification-JEL: I15, I21, I22 Keywords: education, doctoral study program, managerial position, economic and financial literacy, performance of economic activities, needs for education Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Phindile Mdluli Author-Name-First: Phindile Author-Name-Last: Mdluli Author-Email: Phindile.Mdluli@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Precious Mncayi Author-Name-First: Precious Author-Name-Last: Mncayi Author-Email: Precious.Mncayi@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Thabang Mc Camel Author-Name-First: Thabang Author-Name-Last: Mc Camel Author-Email: Phindile.Mdluli@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Examining Factors that Drive Government Spending in South Africa Abstract: The structure of budgets has changed drastically in the past three decades both globally and locally. Most economies have consistently had growing government spending, some spending way more than what they earn especially following the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Literature shows that government spending in high-income countries has been more on social protection, while public servants compensation has dominated spending in many low-income countries, especially in Africa. In South Africa, a weak investment climate, established years of slow economic progress, rising unemployment and poverty levels which have negatively affected the tax base and therefore revenue collection. The country has been spending more money than it earns, to an enormous degree raising worries to research the drivers of this growth in expenditure, subsequently the essential objective of this study was to pinpoint the key factors that have added to this situation. The study adopted a quantitative research approach through the use of quarterly time series data spanning from 1995 through to 2018. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was utilized so as to determine the long-and short-run impacts of the chosen variables on government spending. The findings of the study show that government spending in South Africa, particularly after 1994 has been driven more by current spending than capital spending which presents significant economic effects in the long-run. Among the most significant factors, explicitly in the short run, incorporate unemployment levels, rising debt and inflation. Results further revealed that political instability, low economic growth as well as a growing public size and bailouts of unproductive state owned entities (SOEs) induced significant long term consequences on spending. The continued worsening of spending patterns suggests the presence of fundamental obstacles including the country?s high unemployment levels, for both adults and youth, inferring that the revenue base keeps on narrowing, while the growing poverty levels forces spending towards current spending such as the growing social welfare needs rather than productive activities such as investment spending. The study recommends that the size of the public wage bill be reduced and many unproductive SOEs be privatized to relieve spending. Additionally, a multidimensional approach is needed which entails the reduction of debt accumulation to have low interest repayments, restructuring the labour market to improve outcomes, expanding the revenue base, creating an environment conducive to private spending and economic growth and promoting a stable and transparent political climate. Length: 18 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 198-215 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=037&rid=12246 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912246 Classification-JEL: E20, E62, H50 Keywords: Expenditure, government spending, capital expenditure, current expenditure, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Phindile Mdluli Author-Name-First: Phindile Author-Name-Last: Mdluli Author-Email: Phindile.Mdluli@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Precious Mncayi Author-Name-First: Precious Author-Name-Last: Mncayi Author-Email: Precious.Mncayi@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Antecedents of the nexus between household characteristics and poverty: A South African Perspective Abstract: Numerous households in developing and emerging countries suffer the indignities of poverty, South Africa is no exception. Approximately half of South Africa?s populace is deemed chronically poor at the upper-bound national poverty line of R1183 (in 2018 prices) per individual monthly. Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, thus a consequence of a number of interactive socioeconomic aspects. Literature proposes that head of household characteristics determine, to a certain extent, the capacity of a household to earn a given level of income to meet the household?s material and non-material needs. The primary objective of this study was to provide a South African perspective of the antecedents of the nexus between household characteristics and poverty. Poverty is thus examined at micro level by analysing head of household characteristics such as age, gender, level of education, employment status, income, geographical location, size of the household etcetera. In so doing, this paper used primary data obtained through the latest General Household Survey conducted (GHS) in 2018 by Statistics South Africa with a sample of 72 291 respondents. The following statistical methods were employed; descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Logistic regression analysis and cross tabulations in order to determine the impact of the selected micro level variables on household poverty. The estimation results show that the level of education of the head of household, gender and geographical location, have substantial impacts on the poverty status and living standard of the respective household. There is a positive correlation between poverty and education attainment, the higher the level of education, the lower the predominance of poverty. A large household size intensifies the probability of poverty in the household. Compared to their female counterparts, male headed households are reportedly less likely to live in poverty. Capturing poverty at macro level provides a national perspective of poverty, however from a micro level perspective one can expect to get the effect of the internal household characteristics on poverty thereby providing policies and strategies in line with alleviating poverty at both household and national level. For future research, it would be interesting to conduct a comparative study, analysing poverty at both household and national level. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 216-216 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=038&rid=12284 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912284 Classification-JEL: O10, D10, I30 Keywords: Poverty, Head of household, Household characteristics, Household, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tatiana Medková Author-Name-First: Tatiana Author-Name-Last: Medková Author-Email: tatiana.t@email.cz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Title: ROBUST STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN PANEL DATA INCLUDING A PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN THE MIGRATION ANALYSIS Abstract: The need for robust statistical inference is well-documented even in the elementary case of a regression with a randomly sampled cross section. The usual ordinary least square standard errors are generally biased under the presence of heteroskedasticity; a phenomenon that seems to be a rule rather than an exception in applied anaylsis. The article describes several methods to deal with the biased standard errors grouping them in two categories: sandwich variance estimators and multi-way clustering. Moreover, the empirical application is included. An analysis of migration in European countries using the theory of gravity model is done applying several standard errors correction methods. Length: 10 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 217-226 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=039&rid=12282 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912282 Classification-JEL: C23, C51, F22 Keywords: migration, robust, standard errors, heteroskedasticity, panel data Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Francois Meyer Author-Name-First: Daniel Francois Author-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Email: daniel.meyer@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: TRADE Research Unit, NWU Title: An empirical analysis of the impact of employment, wages and inflation on consumer spending in a developing country, South Africa Abstract: Real income, rising inflation and low levels of formal employment have a significant impact on consumers. This study has the objective to assess the impact of real income, inflation, productivity and low levels of employment on consumer in South Africa, which is a proxy for developing countries. This study is important due to the high levels of unemployment in South Africa and the fact that consumers are under immense pressure also due to rising inflation, low income levels, low levels of productivity and rising unemployment. The research is based on the Keynesian theoretical approach of aggregate demand where demand by consumers and other components of spending drives economic growth. A quantitative research methodology was utilized using quarterly time series data from 2000 to 2018. The study attempted to determine both the long and short-run relationship between the selected variables, using econometric models such as Johansen cointegration and ARDL models with consumer spending as dependent variable with real income, inflation, productivity and employment as independent variables. Results from the econometric analysis indicated long-run relationships between the variables. Results from a short-run perspective indicate that consumer spending in the short run is positively significant to employment, real income and inflation. Employment, both formal and informal employment should be facilitated and promoted by means of enabling environment policy development. Also, income levels for the lower income earners should be increased to enhance consumer spending and ultimately contributing to economic growth. It should also be a policy guideline to ensure growth in productivity is above growth in income. Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 227-239 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=040&rid=12287 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912287 Classification-JEL: C10, D12 Keywords: Consumer spending, employment, income, inflation, productivity, South Africa. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Francois Meyer Author-Name-First: Daniel Francois Author-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Email: daniel.meyer@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: TRADE Research Unit, NWU Title: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA Abstract: In developing countries, the agricultural sector plays a much more important role in economic growth and development if compared the economies of developed countries which have more diversified economies. In South Africa, the agricultural sector?s contribution to the economy in terms of GDP, employment and exports has been diminishing over the last 20 years. Policy uncertainty, productivity and other factors are having a negative impact on the sustainable growth of the agricultural sector. The sector has the potential to assist the struggling economy towards higher growth rates and to provide employment opportunities to more people, especially low skilled workers. This research paper has the objective to analyse the importance of the agricultural sector by applying an econometric model. An Auto Regressive Dynamic (ARDL) econometric model was employed to determine the nature of the relationship between economic growth and independent variables from the agricultural sector including net exports, employment, value added contribution and the gross operating surplus from 1996 to 2018. The findings indicated that both a short-run and long-run relationships exist between the variables included in the study. The study presents new insights that could possibly aid in developing the agricultural sector in South Africa and thus enabling it to compete on a global scale and contribute significantly to the local economy. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 240-255 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=041&rid=12288 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912288 Classification-JEL: C10, O13 Keywords: Agriculture, economic growth, employment, exports, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natanya Meyer Author-Name-First: Natanya Author-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Email: natanya.meyer@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Dhanashree Katekhaye Author-Name-First: Dhanashree Author-Name-Last: Katekhaye Author-Email: dhanashree25389@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Robert Magda Author-Name-First: Robert Author-Name-Last: Magda Author-Email: rmagda72@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University and Szent István university Title: PERCEPTION ABOUT RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA Abstract: The majority of the Indian population resides in rural areas and their main livelihood is through agriculture and agriculture-related activities. In light of this, rural entrepreneurship is one of the vital contributors to economic development in this country. In many instances, rural entrepreneurs are also considered to be necessity-driven as they face many barriers and obstacles restricting growth. The main aim of this study is to determine rural entrepreneurs' perception of their achievements and how they influence the performance and growth of their businesses. The sample comprised entrepreneurs operating small or medium businesses in rural India more specifically the Vidarbha region. The study is empirical and exploratory and made use of a quantitative research design using a self-administered questionnaire. The study was conducted using a simple random sampling technique resulting in a final sample of 292 participants. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests. The findings from the study revealed that entrepreneurship development provides new job opportunities and was stated as the most significant factor while the least important factors indicated that participants have the opinion that doing business in a rural area is not a good career option. The study concluded that entrepreneurship development provides new job opportunities and that people are aware of this. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between the negative perception of rural people regarding entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. Recommendations include that government should create more favorable policies for business development. Business support services must be accessible to rural entrepreneurs in an attempt to change their perception about the lack of growth potential in rural areas. This would strengthen the enthusiasm among entrepreneurs as well as aspiring entrepreneurs in rural areas. Length: 19 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 256-274 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=042&rid=12244 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912244 Classification-JEL: L26 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, rural, perception, opportunities, India Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Radostina Mihaleva Author-Name-First: Radostina Author-Name-Last: Mihaleva Author-Email: radostinam2000@yahoo.com Author-Workplace-Name: Saint Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics Author-Name: Reni Buneva Author-Name-First: Reni Author-Name-Last: Buneva Author-Email: renird@uni-sofia.bg Author-Workplace-Name: Saint Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics Title: Attitudes toward Learning English as a Second Language among IT Students at the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Sofia University Abstract: The aim of this article is to highlight and summarize the attitudes of IT students at the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics at Sofia University towards learning English as a foreign language as well as their stereotypes of effective practices in acquiring the language. The purpose of this scientific study is to examine the learning-teaching process in details focusing on the students? needs in order to find and implement new working patterns in foreign language teaching in this specific area and consequently raise the level of the English language knowledge in IT sphere of university students. The global world today requires a high level of foreign language acquisition, English in particular. Acquiring skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking a foreign language is a long-term process involving the efforts of both parties: students and teachers. According to the latest directives of the EU learning foreign languages is one of the main priorities nowadays. One of the EU's multilingualism issues of importance is for every European citizen to speak 2 languages in addition to their mother tongue. As English turns out to be a lingua franka of today?s politics, business and economy world its significance increases and thus learning English at higher institutions is a must.The present article focuses on identifying the problems which students and teachers face in their long joint ?venture? and on finding solutions based on the needs of the learners. Half of the students at the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics demonstrate a high level of General English so that they have no explicit interest in the foreign language. However, the other half of the students have an obvious need to raise their level of fluency. The main goal of the Faculty is to have a total number of students trained in General English, as well as computer terminology and business skills in English in the IT field. In order for the classroom learning process to be effective, it is necessary to take into account the preferences and needs of the students themselves. For the purpose of improving the quality of the training, a study was carried out. The article also presents summarized, detailed results of the two surveys, one at the beginning and one the end of the school year. The study was conducted among students of Bachelor?s degree in the following majors: Computer Sciences, Information Systems, Informatics, Mathematics and Informatics, Statistics, Software Engineering. Length: 11 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 275-285 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=043&rid=10958 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9910958 Classification-JEL: I23 Keywords: IT, foreign languages, skills, Applied Linguistics, reading, writing, listening, speaking, use of English, grammar, knowledge Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9910958 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Precious Mncayi Author-Name-First: Precious Author-Name-Last: Mncayi Author-Email: Precious.Mncayi@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Steven Henry Dunga Author-Name-First: Steven Henry Author-Name-Last: Dunga Author-Email: Steve.Dunga@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Analysis of poverty among the elderly in South Africa using the 2018 GHS data Abstract: The different approaches to poverty reduction will only be effective if no category of people is left behind or miss diagnosed. There has been attention on gendered poverty, poverty among the youth, and fewer studies have focused on poverty among the elderly. The seniors face a different kind of poverty that is due to the dynamics that comes with age. As people get older their ability to participate in a productive capacity declines and that reduced their ability to earn or maintain the level of income earned in their productive age. There is need to understand the nature of poverty and which categories within the age group are more vulnerable. Using data collected in 2018 by statistics South Africa, this paper analyses the nature of poverty among the elderly (>60 years old). Focus will be on the individual and household characteristics that determine the poverty status. The paper use both descriptive statistics and a logistic regression in the analysis on poverty among the elderly. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 286-301 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=044&rid=12239 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912239 Classification-JEL: I32, I30, J14 Keywords: Poverty, Elderly poverty, poverty status, household poverty, South Africa, Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Precious Mncayi Author-Name-First: Precious Author-Name-Last: Mncayi Author-Email: Precious.Mncayi@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Phindile Mdluli Author-Name-First: Phindile Author-Name-Last: Mdluli Author-Email: Phindile.Mdluli@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Why are they not looking for employment? A South African Youth Perspective Abstract: It is with no doubt that unemployment, particularly among young people remains one of the most contentious issues confronting the global economy. This is not unique to South Africa as twenty-five years into democracy, unemployment remains one of the most persistent challenges with the official unemployment rate at 29 percent (one of the highest in the world) from 27.6 percent in the first quarter of 2019. The youth remain the most vulnerable with stubbornly high unemployment rates of 56.4 percent for those in the 15-24 age category and 35.6 percent for those between the ages of 25-34, and if they are working, mostly are in low quality paying and temporary employment. The fact that poverty and inequality have continued to rise, despite considerable improvements and policy strives the country has made post-apartheid, has raised questions about the country?s ability to create jobs and most importantly about the factors behind the youth?s reasons for not searching for employment. Using data collected through the 2019 second quarterly labour force survey by Statistics South Africa with a sample size of 4 544 unemployed youth respondents, the study made use of descriptive analysis and cross tabulations to explore the South African youth?s perception of the reasons why are they not looking for employment, over and above the reasons why they are unemployed. A chi-square test was used to further determine whether there are significant differences in the responses. It is believed that understanding these perceptions will perhaps provide a clear root cause to the issue which can assist with the implementation of adequate policies and may explain the effort or lack in young people?s endeavours to address their situation. The findings of the study were statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level, and prove the necessity to create conditions for sustainable employment opportunities, which will be augmented by a growing economy. The findings of the study provide valuable insights within the context of South Africa as a developing country and more so, from the view point of the supply side of the youth labour market. Length: 22 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 302-323 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=045&rid=12247 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912247 Classification-JEL: E24, J21, O10 Keywords: Youth work-seeker, Unemployment, Youth Labour market, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lerato Mothibi Author-Name-First: Lerato Author-Name-Last: Mothibi Author-Email: Lerato.Tlharipe@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North West University Title: The impact of foreign debt and government debt on economic growth in South Africa Abstract: Debt management has always been a major concern for many developing countries. South Africa?s foreign debt was reported to have reached its highest in 2017, where debt levels reached 48.8 percent of gross domestic product. At economically sustainable levels, borrowing in itself ought not to be an issue, however it is rather unfortunate that most sub-Saharan nations including South Africa have accumulated high, unsustainable amounts of debt, which may have constrained the progression of economic growth and development. Making use of the auto regressive distributive lag model (ARDL), this study examines the relationship between foreign debt and government debt on economic growth in South Africa from 1980 to 2018. The findings of the study reveal that sound debt management may lead to economic prosperity. Length: 16 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 324-339 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=046&rid=12015 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912015 Classification-JEL: A10, C01, B26 Keywords: South AfricaGovernment debtForeign debtEconomic growth Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912015 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lerato Mothibi Author-Name-First: Lerato Author-Name-Last: Mothibi Author-Email: Lerato.Tlharipe@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North West University Author-Name: Lorainne Ferreira Author-Name-First: Lorainne Author-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Email: Lorainne.Ferreira@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North West University Title: An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Investment as Drivers of Economic Growth in South Africa Abstract: The South African economy has made great strides since its advent to democracy in 1994. However, South Africa is constrained by its continuous policy uncertainty generated by the South African government. This has resulted in poor sector performance, declining investments and slow economic growth. Investment, nonetheless, plays a crucial role in growing the South African economy. As such, policymakers often debate whether to focus on FDI or domestic investment, especially in developing countries. In order to point out where most government resources should be allocated, this study will investigate which type of investment ? FDI or domestic investment ? will have the most significant impact on economic growth in South Africa. This study makes use of the autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL) over the period 1994 to 2018 to determine the impact of both FDI and domestic investment on economic growth in the short- and long-run. The study concludes that when policymakers seek to harness the potential of investment to encourage economic growth, they should not be distinguishing whether domestic or foreign investment should be a priority, but rather, what can be done to make the two forms of investment work together to achieve optimal benefits for the growth of the economy? Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 340-352 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=047&rid=12016 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912016 Classification-JEL: A10, C01, E22 Keywords: South Africa, Foreign direct investment, Domestic investment, Economic growth Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912016 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rudie Nel Author-Name-First: Rudie Author-Name-Last: Nel Author-Email: rnel@sun.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: Stellenbosch University Title: Tax preference for different payout methods over a period of tax reform in South Africa Abstract: Tax reform in South Africa has been extensive since 2011, with the amendment of ?dividend? as defined, followed by the introduction of dividends tax and consecutive increases in the applicable tax rates. Extant literature predominantly focuses on periods prior to these reforms and understates the role of taxes in a choice between dividends and share repurchases. The purpose of this article is to enunciate the increased role of taxes in a preference for different payout methods a result of tax reform. An exploratory study was performed in which the nominal after-tax value of a R100 of different payout methods was calculated for an individual, corporate and fund investor over a period of tax reform. A tax differential was then calculated to quantify the magnitude of changes over the different periods. Evidence of higher tax differentials from tax reform in 2011, which also resulted in certain tax-induced preferences for dividends and share repurchases. The change in tax-induced preferences is submitted as an indication of the increased role of taxes as a result of the reform. It is submitted that a corporate shareholder is the most affected by the tax reform based on the category taxpayer with the highest tax differentials since the tax reform in 2011. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 353-353 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=048&rid=12006 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912006 Classification-JEL: H24, H25 Keywords: Tax preferences; tax differential; dividends; share repurchases; tax reform, dividends tax Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Florin Onea Author-Name-First: Florin Author-Name-Last: Onea Author-Email: florin.onea@ugal.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Dunarea de Jos University of Galati Author-Name: Liliana Rusu Author-Name-First: Liliana Author-Name-Last: Rusu Author-Email: Liliana.Rusu@ugal.ro Author-Workplace-Name: Dunarea de Jos University of Galati Title: An overview of the Black Sea weather downtime Abstract: The idea to develop offshore wind projects in enclosed seas is gaining momentum, especially in Europe, bringing attention to the investors and stakeholders from this sector. In this context, the aim of the present work is to assess the severity of the wind and wave conditions from the Black Sea area, that may influence the operations required to assembly a such project. A total of 30-years of data coming from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (wind data) and from a third-generation wave model (SWAN ? wave data) will be considered for assessment. According to the spatial distribution of the wind data (reported at 10 m height) was noticed a maximum downtime of 16% in the western part of this basin, value that can increase up to 24% if we take into account only the winter season. In the case of the waves, a maximum restriction of 12% can be expected for this region in winter, while reported to the full distribution an average of 4% may be reported. In terms of the number of windows (wave heights > 2.5 m), the 6-hour interval is the most frequent one while one opposite a full window of 96-hour is quite rare, being reported around one or two events. Finally, we can conclude that the western part of the Black Sea represents a suitable area for the development of an offshore wind farm, and the marine conditions are favorable for the development of a such project.Funding: This work was supported by a grant of Ministery of Research and Innovation, CNCS ? UEFISCDI, project number PN?III?P1?1.1?PD?2016?0235, within PNCDI III. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 354-354 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=049&rid=12126 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912126 Classification-JEL: Q00 Keywords: Black Sea; weather downtime; coastal area; wind speed; wave height Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Pentz Author-Name-First: Chris Author-Name-Last: Pentz Author-Email: cdpentz@sun.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: Stellenbosch University Author-Name: Markus Filter Author-Name-First: Markus Author-Name-Last: Filter Author-Email: 19124929@sun.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: Stellenbosch University Title: ?From Generation Y to Generation Wine? A Best-Worst scaling study of wine attribute importance Abstract: South Africa is an emerging market, but it is also the eighth largest wine producer in the world. Despite the country?s established position in the global wine industry and its rich history in wine production, South Africa has a significantly low level of wine consumption per capita compared to other wine-producing countries. Consequently, there is a need for wine producers to explore opportunities and strategies to increase domestic wine consumption. One such opportunity lies in new, unexplored markets, such as the emerging Generation Y consumers. However, these consumers seem to lack knowledge when selecting and purchasing wine mainly because of their inadequate experience with the product. Owing to the complex nature of wine, consumers typically identify and prioritise certain wine attributes. For the purposes of this study, 13 wine attributes were identified from prior research that might influence consumers? wine selection and purchase behaviour, namely, ?taste?, ?price?, ?someone recommended it?, ?medal/award?, ?brand?, ?attractive front label?, ?in-store promotions?, ?grape variety?, ?region of origin?, ?information on back label?, ?read about it?, ?matches my food? and ?information on shelf?. This study investigated the relative importance of these wine attributes to South African Generation Y consumers. A quantitative research design that used self-administered, non-interactive surveys was presented to a student sample at a leading South African university. The relative importance of the wine attributes was measured using the Best-Worst scaling method. The results indicated that ?taste?, ?price?, ?someone recommended it,? ?medal/ award? and ?brand? were deemed the most important wine attributes, whereas the attributes ?information on shelf?, ?matches my food?, ?read about it?, ?information on back label? and ?region of origin? were identified as less important. Based on these findings, it is recommended that wine producers should focus their marketing efforts on providing South African Generation Y consumers with experiences that involve tasting wine; that wine producers should compile appropriate wine pricing strategies; and that they should encourage opinion-sharing of their wines. By gaining a deeper understanding of the wine selection and purchasing behaviour of South African Generation Y consumers and the importance they place on wine attributes the low level of South Africa?s per capita wine consumption can be addressed in a positive way. Length: 29 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 355-383 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=050&rid=11552 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911552 Classification-JEL: M31 Keywords: Wine attribute importance; Best-Worst scaling; Generation Y; South African wine industry Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Procházka Author-Name-First: David Author-Name-Last: Procházka Author-Email: prochazd@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Author-Name: Tomá? Zouhar Author-Name-First: Tomá? Author-Name-Last: Zouhar Author-Email: zouhart@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Title: The Determinants of Disclosures about Intangible Assets by Listed Czech Companies Abstract: Intangible assets are the main drivers of value creation and the competitive advantage of many firms across all industries. Despite the importance of intangibles in economy increases, their recognition in corporate balance sheets is restricted. Conventional accounting struggles with reliability of their measurement as well as with the uncertainty of their future economic benefits, despite the intangibles reporting provides the users with value-relevant information. The paper tests empirically the level of compliance of listed Czech companies with the disclosure requirements of IAS 38 Intangible assets in their annual reports. Using dataset of financial and non-financial firms from the period 2008-2017 (in total 210 annual reports and 2,730 individual disclosures manually collected), we document a moderate increase in disclosure quality of the sample firms over the period. Consistently with recent research, the evidence of improvement can be attributed to reporting incentives of the firms, acknowledging the importance of capital market to raise capital and, thus, to deliver useful information to the users of financial statements. However, the analysis reveal heterogeneity in the level of compliance across the firms, depending on company?s auditor and their ownership structure. Other investigated determinants, such as industry and country origin of the issuer, are not found as relevant. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 384-384 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=051&rid=12151 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912151 Classification-JEL: M41 Keywords: intangible assets; IAS 38; disclosure quality; listed Czech firms Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Procházková Ilinitchi Author-Name-First: Cristina Author-Name-Last: Procházková Ilinitchi Author-Email: cristina.ilinitchi@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Author-Name: Anastasie Pustovalova Author-Name-First: Anastasie Author-Name-Last: Pustovalova Author-Email: anastasie.pustovalova@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics from Prague Author-Name: Lubomír ?t?pánek Author-Name-First: Lubomír Author-Name-Last: ?t?pánek Author-Email: lubomir.stepanek@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Title: Wage Growth Acceleration and Capital Deepening in Czech Republic Abstract: The paper assesses capital deepening as a response to constant wage rise in Czech Republic. The first part of the paper investigates the characteristics of capital and labour production factors in the Czech republic. It first assesses the specifics of the Czech labour market including the comparison with other countries of the Visegrad group and the EU. Secondly, it investigates the structure of capital and investment environment in the Czech republic. The second part of the paper estimates the elasticity of capital-labour substitution using FOC estimating equation and OLS method. It also discusses the applicability of the structural change theory based on differences in the value of elasticity of substitution among manufacturing sectors in Czech Republic. This is particularly relevant in the context of the actualisation of investment strategy of the Czech government, which aims to identify and support strategic manufacturing sectors for the future development of the Czech republic. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 385-385 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=052&rid=12112 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912112 Classification-JEL: A10 Keywords: Elasticity of substitution, Capital, Wages, Intestment Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aleksandra prof. PULS dr hab. ?uczak Author-Name-First: Aleksandra Author-Name-Last: prof. PULS dr hab. ?uczak Author-Email: aleksandra.luczak@up.poznan.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pozna? University of Life Sciences Author-Name: Ma?gorzata Just Author-Name-First: Ma?gorzata Author-Name-Last: Just Author-Email: malgorzata.just@up.poznan.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pozna? University of Life Sciences Title: A novel hybrid MCDM procedure to assessment of socio-economic development of units at different government levels Abstract: In the paper we proposed a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) procedure related to assessment of socio-economic development of units at different governments levels. The studies related to socio-economic development of government units belong to the most important challenges both for the local and central authorities. At the same time it is an issue often considered and studied by economists. Despite a great deal of interest in the subject no standardized approach to it has been agreed. Therefore, assessment of socio-economic development of units at different government levels (national, regional, subregional) needs a complex and methodological approach, and also application appropriate methods on each level. In this paper we propose new complex procedure to the construction of synthetic measure, where the objects are assessed at different levels: national, regional and subregional. Each level of units may be described by different types of the variables (i.e. with normal distribution, strong asymmetry, extreme values). The aim of the paper is to present the application potential of the novel hybrid MCDM procedure based on the Extreme Values Theory (EVT) i.e. Mean Excess Function (MEF) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to assessment of socio-economic development of units at different government levels. MEF has been used to determination of the positive and negative ideal solutions of socio-economic development of local administrative units (LAUs). TOPSIS method is useful in creating the ranking of objects describing by many variables. In the study we propose application two types of TOPSIS (classic and positional) depending on types of variables. This approach was used in the assessment of socio-economic development of LAUs at national, regional and subregional levels in Poland in 2017. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 386-386 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=053&rid=12160 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912160 Classification-JEL: C10, C49, H70 Keywords: TOPSIS, mean excess function, synthetic measure, socio-economic development, local administrative units Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammad Mehdi Rezaei Mahmoudi Author-Name-First: Mohammad Mehdi Author-Name-Last: Rezaei Mahmoudi Author-Email: Mehdi.r5858@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Konkuk University Author-Name: Juyeon Kim Author-Name-First: Juyeon Author-Name-Last: Kim Author-Email: ju961005yeon@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Konkuk University Title: Analyzing the Impact of Green Roof Areas on the Citizens Satisfaction in metropolitan cities Abstract: Due to the rapid development of urban areas, citizens are facing several difficulties that are specific to the new era of urbanization. From the environmental perspective, most of the urban areas are dealing with limited natural resources and green spaces and causing environmental degradation. Since these can lead to a negative effect on the mental and health welfare, also the satisfaction of citizens, many metropolitan cities such as Seoul has recognized the necessity of green spaces. Green roofs has been strongly recommended as it can be an efficient method to increase the green space in a metropolitan area; hence Green roofs can be considered as an effective solution to address the citizens' needs and can fulfil the requirements of the infrastructure sustainability in metropolitan cities. However, still, there is a lack of information on the ideal Green Roofs that are consistent with the environmental standards and citizens? preferences. In order to address this shortage, this study aimed to review the main trends, types, functions, and the benefits of Green Roofs in the contemporary situation of Seoul city. Accordingly, this research is providing helpful insight in the planning scale about the impacts of pattern and function of green roofs in mega citifies. Practical implications will assist the managers to get familiar with the ideal shape and type of Green roofs, which will lead to environmentally friendly design, and sustainability of infrastructure. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 387-387 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=054&rid=12241 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912241 Classification-JEL: O21, I31, O29 Keywords: Green roof, Metropolitan cities, Sustainability, Mental welfare, Citizens? satisfaction Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanus Johannes Roos Author-Name-First: Stephanus Johannes Author-Name-Last: Roos Author-Email: fanie.roos@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Anita Lennox Author-Name-First: Anita Author-Name-Last: Lennox Author-Email: anita.lennox@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Coaches perceptions on effective practice methods in golf Abstract: Many golfers ask: ?Why can?t I take my range game to the golf course?? The answer is simple. The practice methods employed by golfers may not be an effective method to retain and transfer golf skills. According to Hayman, Borkoles, Taylor, Hemmings, and Polman (2014) limited studies have indicated the correct developmental pathway and practice methods for amateur golf players to reach professional level. It is therefore crucial to investigate all aspects that might have an influence on the success of professional golf players. Research has indicated that expert performance is a result of years of practice and coaching, and not of talent alone (Ericsson, Prietula, & Cokely, 2007). The main objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of former and current Sunshine Tour players, members of the Professional Golfers? Association of South Africa (PGA of SA), PGA of SA coaches and/or golf administrators on effective practice methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants. This enabled the researchers to identify the most effective practice methods that may contribute to the effective transition from amateur to professional level. The results suggest that the current practice methods are not the most effective for reaching a professional level. Players need to interleave a number of different golf skills and techniques during practice sessions. The results also suggest that by incorporating spacing, variability and setting a challenge point for each activity, players may enhance their learning of specific golf skills. As a result, players will learn to transfer and adapt these skills successfully to any environment presented in a competition setting, such as a golf course. The results of this study can assist coaches in employing the correct practice methods, and consequently prepare golf players for professional level. Length: 18 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 388-405 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=055&rid=12338 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912338 Classification-JEL: L83 Keywords: Practice methods, interleave, expert performance, amateur golfers, professional golfers, coaches Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shafaat Saleem Author-Name-First: Shafaat Author-Name-Last: Saleem Author-Email: Ssaleem@iis.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Ismaili Studies, London Title: HOW FAITH BASED ORGANIZATIONS CONTRIBUTE OR HINDER DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ? THE CASE OF AL-KHIDMAT FOUNDATION Abstract: Paper aims to explore the interactions between two different yet, linked aspects of the society; religion and development. The central idea of this paper is to look at how Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) draw on ideas and practices of development and religion, to carry out their social welfare activities and projects. Paper will be an attempt to explore the meaning, mission and trends of Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) and their characteristics, in terms of their nature, scale and affiliations with political or religious institutions in the contextual setting of Karachi. The paper examines the emerging role of faith/religion in community development, as a counterpoint to modernization programs and projects based on Western models. It argues that FBOs occupy vantage positions over ?non religious? or mainstream organizations, in terms of recruiting staff/volunteers and funding, due to their affiliations with religion. However, although FBOs receive international recognition, stakeholders often tend to overlook the ?conservative approaches? adopted by these organizations. The conservative approaches adopted by FBOs often contradict the mainstream discourse of development. Thus, paper sheds light upon the role of religion in transforming and appropriating the mainstream development discourses and practices. Thesis attempts to attain answers to research questions by employing qualitative methods of research. It focuses upon a case study of AKF, a welfare wing of Jamat-e-Islami, which is inspired by Islamic religious ideologies. It explores the organizational characteristics and its functioning, while contextualizing it in the broader theoretical framework of the subject. Length: 53 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 406-458 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=056&rid=11020 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911020 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Faith Based Organizations, Development, Al-Khidmat, Charity, Modernity Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911020 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Soraya SEDKAOUI Author-Name-First: Soraya Author-Name-Last: SEDKAOUI Author-Email: soraya.sedkaoui@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, University of Khemis Miliana, Algeria Author-Name: Rafika Benaichouba Author-Name-First: Rafika Author-Name-Last: Benaichouba Author-Email: sryconsulting1@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, University of Khemis miliana Title: How data analytics drive sharing economy business models? Abstract: Several studies and reports published by Mckinsey, Gartner, Cesco, PwC, etc., confirm that data analytics offers companies more value and allows them to the creation of new and innovative ideas. This is why the data-driven approach has been the subject of considerable publicity in recent years. This approach has given rise to the emergence of many business models, all of which have created their own way of doing things. This is the case of many emergent business models who have noticed that several assets (goods or services) are not exploited effectively by the parties that hold them. We buy many products that we use only for a certain period and then put them aside. What if we could find one or more people who might need it?This is the question that these innovative business models had taken into account. They could see potential monetary benefits in these different resources, simply by facilitating their sharing. Some succeed by bursting the value chains and shaking up the established players: Uber for taxis, BlaBlaCar for interurban carpooling, Airbnb for accommodation, etc., and this is, of course, just the beginning, because the trend is accelerating. These are fascinating ideas that have led to the emergence of the sharing economy.But, one thing is clear, the ideas created by Uber, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar, etc. cannot be realized without determining what allows their development (how?) and, of course, the target (for whom?). These companies use the data to determine what to develop and target, to create untapped sharing market opportunities.Many researchers have found the potential of large amounts of data produced and collected by many sharing platforms. The analysis of these quantities not only helps to promote the performance of these models or operationalize their activities, but also to predict economic results such as inflation, unemployment, housing prices, etc.All sharing platforms and applications rely on data and analysis to develop practices and determine who to target. These data are increasingly used today because of the conjunction of a number of factors, such as: ?The constant decrease in data storage costs;?The increase of the computing power;?The production of large amounts of data, which is largely unstructured and requires different operating techniques and which cannot be preceded by traditional methods. Being able to generate value, in the context of the sharing economy, and make big data more profitable is based on the ability of companies to analyze the amount available data. The challenge, therefore, lie in the ability to extract value from the amount volume of data produced in real-time continuous streams with multiple form and from multiple sources. In another word, the key to explore data and uncover secrets from it is to find and develop applicable ways in such a way to extract knowledge that can conduct any business project strategies.Indeed, recent years have been marked by the use of very advanced methods and computer tools previously reserved only for large companies. This has facilitated access to a large number of ways to create innovative ideas.Therefore, in this paper the following research question will be answered: How the sharing economy companies use data and advanced analytics to boost their business models? Through this question, we recall the context of big data and analytics, their importance in sharing economy context, their challenges and the role they mutually plays to create new opportunities for sharing economy companies. We will, through this paper, see how sharing economy business models use data analytics to generate value. Length: 18 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 459-476 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=057&rid=11754 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911754 Classification-JEL: Keywords: Data analytics, big data, sharing economy, platforms, business model, innovation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911754 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rejina M. Selvam Author-Name-First: Rejina M. Author-Name-Last: Selvam Author-Email: rmselvam@uic.es Author-Workplace-Name: UNIVERSITAT INTERNACIONAL DE CATALUNYA Author-Name: Catarina Lelis Author-Name-First: Catarina Author-Name-Last: Lelis Author-Email: Catarina.Lelis@uwl.ac.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of West London Title: Towards co-creation:Exploring prospects of employee brand knowledge in internal branding Abstract: The success of an organization to communicate the brand promise is premised by the internal branding procedure and the contribution of employees in the creation of branding. The present study provides the importance that employees have in providing value to the organization from the perspective of the holistic brand knowledge pyramid which includes, brand citizenship, brand commitment, and belonging. In ?depth interviews were conducted from an H. E institute to understand employee involvement in internal branding and the related organizational requirements from a knowledge based management environment. The results provide insight into the strength of employee participation in the co-creation of brand and the organizational requirements for stimulating its human capital to live the brand in its environment. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 477-477 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=058&rid=12192 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912192 Classification-JEL: J24, D23, I23 Keywords: Internal Branding, Brand commitment, Internal Communication, Brand knowledge, Brand co-creation Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ABIGAIL STIGLINGH Author-Name-First: ABIGAIL Author-Name-Last: STIGLINGH Author-Email: Abigail.Stiglingh@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY Author-Name: LERATO MOTHIBI Author-Name-First: LERATO Author-Name-Last: MOTHIBI Author-Email: Lerato.Tlharipe@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY Title: The link between government expenditure and debt as potential drivers of economic growth in South Africa Abstract: The financial burden of public debt in the lives of South Africans has undergone considerable change and continues to evolve since the beginning of democracy in 1994. Many countries, specifically the OCED countries have experienced expanding levels of debt to GDP ratio since the global financial crises in 2008/2009, where South Africa?s gross debt ratio averaged 44.8% in 2017. Making use of the autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL), the study utilises data from 1980 to 2017 in order to investigate the relationship between government expenditure and debt as potential drivers of economic growth. Furthermore, the study?s aim is to identify weather or not government expenditure and debt could be identified as positive or negative contributors towards economic growth in South Africa. The study further seeks to identify the link between government expenditure and debt since, government expenditure in South Africa has diligently surpassed its revenue, where the deficit is in most cases is funded through the accumulation of unsustainable debt. The findings of the study reveal a negative relationship between economic growth and government expenditure. In addition, the study also reveals a positive relationship between economic growth and government debt. This therefore indicates the need for stricter government expenditure and debt management policies, as unsustainable debt levels and unregulated government expenditure could be detrimental for the South African economy. Length: 15 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 478-492 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=059&rid=12043 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912043 Classification-JEL: D00, C01, A10 Keywords: ARDL model, economic growth, government expenditure, debt. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912043 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ABIGAIL STIGLINGH Author-Name-First: ABIGAIL Author-Name-Last: STIGLINGH Author-Email: Abigail.Stiglingh@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY Title: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: G-7 COUNTRIES Abstract: A dire concern for many nations has always been their patterns of economic growth and financial development throughout the years. Tentatively, a relationship between the concepts co-exists. However, the direction of causality is of great interest, particularly in relation to the country?s level of development and growth. This paper studies the existence of a relationship between financial development and economic growth using a sample of G-7 countries for the period of 1996 to 2013. Making use of panel data models such as panel unit root test, Johansen-Fisher cointegration and vector error correction model/granger causality and using secondary time series data obtained from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for G-7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan and United States). Variables used include, economic growth, stock market capitalisation, total investment growth, interest rates and population growth. Findings of the study indicated that real interest rates and total investment is positively related to economic growth in G-7; while other variables such as stock market size, do play a significant role in explaining economic growth in G-7 countries. This study may assist G-7 countries to improve their economic growth structure and financial development systems over time. Length: 12 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 493-504 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=060&rid=12044 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912044 Classification-JEL: A10, C01, E00 Keywords: Financial development, economic growth, panel data, developed countries, G-7 Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912044 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natalia Str?k Author-Name-First: Natalia Author-Name-Last: Str?k Author-Email: natalia.strek@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Jagiellonian University Title: Populist strategy of Polish political parties Abstract: With the rise of populism, its concept and the very idea of populism have been developing in recent years. This research aims to critically analyse the difference between political parties that are of populist nature and those only using populist strategies in their activities. The already existing literature on populist parties and populist leaders who defeated their political opponents in the last elections is already abundant. However, an impasse regarding the concept of populist strategy is yet to be analysed. Through a qualitative collective case studies, the methodological framework of the research aims to analyse Polish political parties? strategies used during election campaign. Data are sourced from political parties programs, speeches, modus operandi, communications, and publications. The aim of the study is to develop a better understanding of the concept of populist strategy within the current political climate, and the issue of emerging illiberal democracies in Europe. The presentation will focus on the three aspects of populism: antiestablishment sentiments, artificial social divisions between ?us and the others, and appeal to the will of the people. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 505-505 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=061&rid=12221 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912221 Classification-JEL: D72, E65, H11 Keywords: populism, election strategy, Polish political parties Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Costa Synodinos Author-Name-First: Costa Author-Name-Last: Synodinos Author-Email: synodinoscosta@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Author-Name: Kirty-Lee Sharp Author-Name-First: Kirty-Lee Author-Name-Last: Sharp Author-Email: klsharp21@live.com Author-Workplace-Name: Vaal University of Technology Title: Are Generation Y students brand loyal to their university? A case of attitude, commitment and trust on student brand loyalty Abstract: Customer loyalty is at the epicentre of any successful business. As such, the ultimate goal for any organisation is to create a loyal customer base. Loyalty occurs when organisations consistently satisfy the needs and wants of their customers. In addition, the more trust a consumer places in a particular organisation, the more loyal they will be to that organisation. Supportive attitudes and relationship commitment are perceived as valuable predeterminants when measuring customer loyalty and predicting future purchasing behaviour of consumers. Similarly, student loyalty is a major goal for a university. Loyal students engage in positive word of mouth marketing and could consider returning to their university to complete their postgraduate studies. This study aimed to determine if Generation Y students display both supportive attitudes towards their current university and if they possess some sort of relationship commitment towards their university. In addition, the study sought to understand the impact with which Generation Y students? trust exhibits towards brand loyalty of their respective universities. A total of 480 self-administered questionnaires were distributed across three higher education institutions in the Gauteng province of South Africa. A variety of statistical techniques were employed to analyse the captured data. These included internal-consistency reliability and validity measures, descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling. The study?s results found Generation Y students? supportive attitudes and their relationship commitment have a direct positive significant influence towards trust in their university. Moreover, the trust that Generation Y students placed into their university has a direct positive influence on student brand loyalty. Based on the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing, both relationship commitment and trust need to exist for relationships to be successful. The results indicate that relationship commitment and trust are cooperative behaviours that allow both Generation Y students and universities to mutually fulfil their needs. Thus, Generation Y students feel a sense of value, whilst, the university receives customer loyalty in return. The results of this study indicate that universities should take note of a student?s supportive attitudes and relationship commitment. In addition, universities must take students? trust into consideration, as this affects student brand loyalty and ultimately student retention for the institution. Length: 19 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 506-524 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=062&rid=12358 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912358 Classification-JEL: M31 Keywords: Relationship commitment, attitudes, trust, brand loyalty, Generation Y students, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Costa Synodinos Author-Name-First: Costa Author-Name-Last: Synodinos Author-Email: synodinoscosta@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: Environmental purchase behaviour concerns of African Generation Y students in South Africa Abstract: Preserving the natural environment has rapidly become a pressing matter amongst the youth in South Africa. This may result from the youth or Generation Y individuals being inundated with information pertaining to the deteriorating state of the natural environment. This tech-savvy cohort has grown up with environmental issues constantly being placed in the spotlight both towards them and on a worldwide scale. Consequently, heightened environmental awareness and environmental concern have kick-started green consumerism in South Africa and organisations have begun to notice. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a popular tool used in business practices to gain a competitive advantage targeted at environmentally conscious consumers. However, studies show that CSR does not always guarantee green purchase behaviour, especially when targeting the ambivalent Generation Y cohort. The focus of this study was to determine the effect environmental knowledge, attitude and subjective norm have towards African Generation Y students? green purchase behaviour in the South African context. The 332 data points were collected from full-time students currently enrolled in four South African higher education institutions in the Gauteng province. Statistical methods used to analyse the data included internal-consistency reliability and validity measures, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that African Generation Y students consider themselves to be knowledgeable over environmental issues, possess positive environmental attitudes and subjective norms. Additionally, these aspects positively predict African Generation Y students environmental purchase behaviour. The implications of this study will aid both practitioners and business organisations who are aiming to target the lucrative Generation Y cohort and gain a competitive advantage by implementing environmental practices. Length: 22 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 525-546 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=063&rid=12363 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912363 Classification-JEL: M31, Q59 Keywords: environmental knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, green purchase behaviour, Generation Y students, South Africa Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shivani Taneja Author-Name-First: Shivani Author-Name-Last: Taneja Author-Email: shivanitaneja05@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Essex Title: WORKING HOURS AND TRENDS IN JOB SATISFACTION USING A PANEL OF BRITISH WORKERS Abstract: Patterns of work have changed over the years in Britain and increasing flexibility in the labour market has been introduced. The implementation of the European Union directives in 2002 and the introduction of the Minimum Wage in 1999 as well as the New Deal programme have contributed to changes in the labour market. And growth in non-standard work has resulted in choices available to the workforce and workers can choose to work full-time or part-time, maximising their utility subject to their constraints. This is likely to have an impact on the trends in job satisfaction of the workers. Thus, using data from the British Household Panel Survey from 1991-2008, this paper addresses the following questions: are patterns of weekly working hours contributing to the narrowing gender gap in satisfaction from work of British workers? Are changes in employment profiles i.e. switching from full-time hours into part-time hours in two consecutive years or changes in economic activity, such as switching from unemployment into part-time hours or switching from unemployment into full-time jobs enhancing welfare of workers? Using logistic regression techniques, the results show that men?s hours of work are steadily declining whereas smaller variations are seen among female workers. This decline in working hours as well its negative correlation with job satisfaction suggests that hours of work play a role in narrowing gender gap in current job satisfaction of British workers. And transitions in economic activity and employment profiles affect satisfaction from work. Length: 31 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 547-577 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=064&rid=12075 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912075 Classification-JEL: J28, J16, I31 Keywords: Part-time hours, National Minimum Wage, Unemployment Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912075 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alisher Tleubayev Author-Name-First: Alisher Author-Name-Last: Tleubayev Author-Email: tleubayev@iamo.de Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO) Title: Corporate governance and firm performance: Evidence from the agri-food industry of Russia Abstract: Current study provides pioneering empirical evidence on the corporate governance and firm performance relationship in the case of the large scale agri-food companies in Russia. While Russia plays an important role in global food security, its domestic agri-food production is heavily dependent on large scale producers.In spite of the emergence and continuing growth of large scale agricultural enterprises in many parts of the world, the literature on large scale corporate farming is scarce. Corporate governance literature is especially limited in the case of transition economies like Russia, which has relatively short history of market economics. A sudden move towards the decentralized market after the collapse of the communist regime in the beginning of 1990s led to the emergence of new private companies. Most of these newly privatized companies were large in size, with very poor governance levels. However, increased attention from government, relatively stabilized national economy, improvements in legislation and access to international financial markets led to significant improvements in governance structure after 1999. All these factors taken together, makes it especially interesting to study the corporate governance in the case of Russia. A panel data of 203 agri-food enterprises of Russia for the period between 2012 and 2017 is employed in the analysis. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 578-578 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=065&rid=11911 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911911 Classification-JEL: M14, Q12, Q13 Keywords: corporate governance, agri-food industry, firm performance, Russia, panel data Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Liandi Van den Berg Author-Name-First: Liandi Author-Name-Last: Van den Berg Author-Email: liandi.vandenberg@nwu.ac.za Author-Workplace-Name: North-West University Title: The variance of information management by South African sport coaches within different competitive levels Abstract: Information management of sport coaches is a crucial factor that contributes to their competitive success. In current sport competitions, it is not a matter of if coaches are collecting and using information, but how it is being managed to provide an advantage. In this respect, National Federations as sport governing bodies, should support and develop the information management skills and activities of coaches. Therefore, it is important to gain insight into how coaches from various competitive levels currently utilise the available information for enhanced competitiveness. This research followed a qualitative design with data collection performed through semi-structured interviews with high-level cricket coaches and their support staff. Deductive codes of person collecting data, skills of the person collecting, methods used (which includes technology), sources utilised, finances and value assigned derived from the first stage of the competitive intelligence 4Cs process model by Weiss (2002) were used to code the interview data. The inter- and intra-rater coding procedure was substantiated by strong Cohen?s Kappa values of 0.80 and 0.78 for intra and inter-rater reliability. The findings indicated clear differences between coaches? data collection management within the various competitive levels. This sheds light on previously hidden practices of coaches, and adds to the current knowledge pool. Likewise, the findings highlight the contrast of extremely professional data collection management at the highest cricket competitive level, compared to situational, unprofessional, irregular and, in some instances, complete lack of data collection management at the lower competitive levels. The findings could guide the National Federations to develop coach educational programmes to enhance the information management process of cricket coaches across the various competitive levels. Length: 18 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 579-596 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=066&rid=12356 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912356 Classification-JEL: L83 Keywords: Information management, competitive levels, sport coaches Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: VALERIA VANNONI Author-Name-First: VALERIA Author-Name-Last: VANNONI Author-Email: valeria.vannoni@unipg.it Author-Workplace-Name: University of Perugia Title: WHO ARE THE CUSTOMERS OF INVOICE TRADING PLATFORMS IN ITALY? Abstract: Invoice trading has recently emerged in Italy as an alternative instrument for small and medium-sized enterprises financing. It represents a form of credit transfer, with the particularity that transactions take place via online platforms. In Italy, as of 30 June 2018, six platforms are active: Cashinvoice, Credimi, CashMe, Crowdcity, Fifty, Workinvoice. They are distinguished on the basis of some operational characteristics, mainly due to the mechanism of credit transfer (marketplace, supply chian finance, direct purchase). This work aims to deepen the typical profile of firms that, in this initial phase of the phenomenon, turn to the invoice trading platforms. The verification uses the tool of the unstructured questionnaire in ten points. The survey took place via email in the period January-March 2019. We received feedback from all the platforms, even if two of them communicated the impossibility to provide informations due to confidentiality issues. Collected answers show a very high number of applications, but it still generally corresponds to a limited success rate; among the main reasons for rejection, a low creditworthiness profile of applicant is reported (followed by: default risk; fraud risk; prejudicial information on firms and shareholders; pricing; invoice amount). Firms are concentrated in the northern regions of the country; the most represented sectors are manufacturing and wholesale trade. Customers are mainly mature firms, not in the start-up phase. The average value of credit is around 74 th. Euros, with an outlier platform. Operations proceed with no criticalities: only one respondents underlines that 5.42% of invoices has had a serious delay in payment by debtor. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 597-597 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=067&rid=12115 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9912115 Classification-JEL: G23, G30 Keywords: Small Business financing; Alternative finance; Invoice trading. Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Harry Wardana Author-Name-First: Harry Author-Name-Last: Wardana Author-Email: harry.wardana@adelaide.edu.au Author-Workplace-Name: University of Adelaide Author-Name: Laura Márquez-Ramos Author-Name-First: Laura Author-Name-Last: Márquez-Ramos Author-Email: laura.marquez-ramos@adelaide.edu.au Author-Workplace-Name: University of Adelaide Title: Exports and (multiple) border-crossing imports: evidence from Indonesia Abstract: Drawing on the experience of Indonesian firms, we seek to improve the understanding of the internationalization process in emerging market firms faced with a deterioration of their trade conditions. Using matching methods to deal with endogeneity, we empirically analyse inward-outward internationalization connections in two years (2009 and 2015) to test whether these connections change following a reversal of trade liberalization. We focus on importing and exporting activities and we validate the theoretical underpinnings of the claim that importing Indonesian firms export more. We contribute to the literature by introducing a newly-identified underlying mechanism behind the positive relationship between imports and exports: when trade barriers are low, firms that import intermediates sourced from ?complex? value chains achieve significant increases in their exports. We do this by merging the firm-level data with the industry-level data (derived from World Input-Output Database) to construct additional firm-level variables that estimate the proportion of firms? imported inputs that cross border once or more. To deal with selection bias, we match each importing firm with a control group of non-importing firms that, in terms of their labour productivity, foreign ownership, employment and other characteristics, are equally likely to import. We show that when an emerging country facilitates sourcing from foreign countries, firms in that country export more. However, this positive causal effect is channelled through ?complex? importing (that is, when firms import intermediates that have crossed international borders several times). ?Simple? importing (that is, when firms import intermediates that have crossed an international border only once?in this case, the Indonesian border) does not increase firms? exports in periods of trade liberalization. Conversely, ?simple? importing becomes more relevant for exports in periods of trade liberalization reversal. In such circumstances, emerging market firms? participation in value chains becomes less global. Our results are robust to the choice of matching technique and specification. Relevant policy implications can be made: for example, in a world marked by growing scepticism surrounding globalization and openness to international trade and competition, policy makers should bear in mind that policies inhibiting importing activities have negative consequences for exports and hence, the outward internationalization of firms. Length: 1 page Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 598-598 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=068&rid=11915 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911915 Classification-JEL: F14, F15, C31 Keywords: internationalization, emerging market firms, value chains, trade liberalization Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911915 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aleksandra ?or?evi? Zori? Author-Name-First: Aleksandra Author-Name-Last: ?or?evi? Zori? Author-Email: aleksandra@ekof.bg.ac.rs Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade Title: The importance of exchange rate stability for export growth Abstract: Exchange rates movements can have significant effects on different economic variables, affecting the overall macroeconomic stability of the country. Consequently, economic policymakers and researchers continuously monitor and analyze the diverse effects that exchange rate fluctuations can cause. Given that exchange rates have one of the key roles in the country's trade activities, and having in mind the importance of international trade for market economies, the effect of exchange rates on trade has become a highly relevant issue (especially after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system), both in the theory of international economics and for economic policymakers. Usually, the analysis of the effects of exchange rate movements on trade implies the analysis of exchange rate volatility. However, another important aspect of the influence of exchange rates on trade should not be ignored. In addition to the standard interest in examining the impact of the exchange rate volatility on trade, in recent literature increasing importance is given to the analysis of the effects of the exchange rate misalignment. As Bleaney (1992) points out, short-term volatility measures have to be complemented by longer-run measures that better account for persistence and mean-reversion, which can characterize exchange rate changes. In this respect, compared to volatility, a greater source of uncertainty for participants in international trade can be the exchange rate misalignment (Côté, 1994). In addition, the global external imbalances at the beginning of the 2000s, as well as the global economic crisis, have raised the issue of the effects of undervalued currencies on trade partners.Bearing previously in mind, the analysis of misalignment is of great importance. Given that, unlike volatility, the literature dealing with the examination of this aspect of the influence of exchange rates on trade is limited so far, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the importance of the equilibrium exchange rate for export growth, analyzing the theoretical and empirical literature dealing with this issue. Length: 13 pages Creation-Date: 2019-10 Publication-Status: Published in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona, Oct 2019, pages 599-611 File-URL: https://iises.net/proceedings/international-academic-conference-barcelona/table-of-content/detail?cid=99&iid=069&rid=11949 File-Function: First version, 2019 Number: 9911949 Classification-JEL: F31, F40, O24 Keywords: exchange rates, international trade, export, exchange rate misalignment Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911949