Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas A. Abbott Author-Name-First: Douglas A. Author-Name-Last: Abbott Author-Email: douglasabbott473@gmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: Emeritus Professor of Child, Youth & Family Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Title: Subjective Values versus Objective Science Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to expose the bias in much of our social science research. The values and ethics of authors often influence their research procedures and results. Thus, the public gets a distorted (or unbalanced) view of important topics in marriage, sexuality, and family life. Universities have turned into institutions of liberal, secular-humanistic indoctrination and show little tolerance for conservative views on almost any topic. College classrooms have turned into battle grounds of competing ideologies where professors and students will not give the other and opportunity to speak freely and without negative repercussions. Classification-JEL: I20, C18, C99 Keywords: bias, subjective and objective perspectives, points of view, ideological differences. Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 1-13 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-1238 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-1238?download=1 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lama Alghofaily Author-Name-First: Lama Author-Name-Last: Alghofaily Author-Email: lama85@hotmail.co.uk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lincoln Title: Women Leadership in Higher Education in Saudi Arabia Abstract: Gender equality is considered as a challenge that human society need to overcome in order for its long term sustainability. This paper looks at the factors that may be barriers to women rise to leadership in Saudi higher education institutions. Education sector is by far the largest employer for Saudi women and is one of the sectors where women should expectedly face minimum barriers to rise to leadership. Saudi government has recently introduced many reforms (under the 2030 vision) which are expected to have a direct impact on women empowerment. This research is one of the very few researches conducted into the impact of the 2030 vision on women leadership in Saudi Arabia. Data for this research was collected using semi structured interviews with Saudi women working in Saudi higher education institutions. Data was thematically analysed. Results indicate that Saudi women have faced a number of barriers in rising to leadership positions but the 2030 vision is expected to lower many of these barriers. Furthermore, this research finds that using direct references towards women empowerment in government policy statements is likely to lead to more effective outcomes in lowering barriers to women?s rise to leadership in the Kingdom. Classification-JEL: I23 Keywords: Women Leadership, Higher Education, Saudi Arabia Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 14-32 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-17595 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-17595?download=2 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:14-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Birger Antholz Author-Name-First: Birger Author-Name-Last: Antholz Author-Email: birger.antholz@public.uni-hamburg.de Author-Workplace-Name: University of Hamburg Title: Methylphenidate and Crime Reduction Abstract: In a school survey, 37 out of 1066 pupils say they had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD. ADHD students who are not treated with methylphenidate show an offender rate of 68%. When treated with methylphenidate it is 33%, only half as high. Methylphenidate treatment halves the crime rate. That Methylphenidate is an effective anti-crime tool is confirmed by a Swedish study with adults (deviance reduction through methylphenidate, 32% for men and 41% for women). A crime decline in the bright and dark field is recognized in Germany as being worldwide since 1993, while at the same time the prescription of methylphenidate has increased nationally and internationally. From the micro-/ individual relation of the school survey and the macro-connection, i.e. the coincidence of crime reduction and methylphenidate increase, causality is derived. Methylphenidate is an important explanation for the decline in crime in the last 25 years. Classification-JEL: I12, I14, I38 Keywords: Ritalin, methylphenidate, crime drop, orbitofrontal cortex, ADHD, deviance Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 33-55 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-17527 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-17527?download=3 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:33-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanem Bengü Uygunkan Author-Name-First: Sanem Author-Name-Last: Bengü Uygunkan Author-Email: sanemuygunkan@aydin.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Communication, Istanbul Ayd?n University Title: The Relationship Between the Star System and the Popular Culture and Turkey?s ?Superstar? Ajda Pekkan Abstract: Mass communication and mass media that bring new dimensions to communication among people affect the individual?s accordingly the masses level of knowledge, manner and attitude. According to Mills, mass media is the mirror of modern life of society. Mass media guides the society?s potential of motivation by selling image and data; with the data they disseminate mass media can give information about other societies and cultures? standard of living, relations of individuals and consumption areas of them (Quotation by Aziz, 1982, p. 48-50).While making sense of external reality, human beings starts out from his existing life and as the means of justification he uses his own popular culture icons (like actors, pop singers and etc.). But still he can?t change the external reality and it makes the icons meaningful unconsciously. This show the differences between mass culture and popular culture (Aydogan,2004, p.37).Popular culture is a consumption culture. While creating something popular, the existing popularity is used. Popular sport, sportsman, singers, ideas, manners, magazine heroes?something popular is covered and packed and consumers take part in the process making something popular by taking it (Erdogan, 1999, p.3). A material is sold directly. There is an indirect marketing through media.Stars can be called popular as they present sustainability, permanency. Stars are related with cultural industry with their trends, looks and novelty.Scanning model is a research method which aims to describe the situation existing in the past and today as it is (Karasar, 1995, p.77). This research is sample of scanning model. The research contains popular culture, connection of the stars, function of stars at creating and dissembling the popular culture and analyzing Ajda Pekkan who is the superstar of Turkey.During the research, related publishing ?n Turkish and English about image, icon, consumption, popular culture, development of star system are scanned. Super star Ajda Pekkan?s life is analyzed to discover the relation between popular culture and star system. Ajda Pekkan joined a contest to become the cover girl of ?Ses Magazine? in 1963 and chosen the first, then she started her professional career. So for this research all the news about her are scanned at this magazine to see the duration of her becoming a star.?Popular culture? and ?star? terms give essential clues about the cultural, economic, social features of society so the results of this research may be illuminating for this field. Classification-JEL: L82 Keywords: Popular culture, Star system, Mass Communication, Entertainment Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 56-74 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21941 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21941?download=4 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:56-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gulcin Ipek Emeksiz Author-Name-First: Gulcin Ipek Author-Name-Last: Emeksiz Author-Email: giemeksiz@anadolu.edu.tr Author-Workplace-Name: Communication Sciences Faculty, Anadolu University Title: The Factors Which Lead Brands To Use Social Media In External Corporate Communication Abstract: Social media is the new form of today?s communication. People spend a lot of time on social media to be informed about and to interact with the happenings in their social environments, and in the meantime they want to reach their favorite brands. Therefore, many brands have started to open brand fan pages in different social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to get in touch with their consumers. There are many factors which have led brands to use social media in external corporate communication; however, these are not pointed out in detail in the literature. This paper aims to cover the factors which have motivated brands to use social media in external corporate communication. The paper first explores the reasons behind the decline of trust towards traditional advertisements and the advertisements on the Internet. Afterwards, it discusses why websites have recently lost their popularity against social media platforms. Lastly, it looks at why consumers want a presence of brands in social media. The results show that today?s consumers tend to trust electronic word of mouth in social media platforms more than traditional advertisements since they can learn online the experiences of people who have tried the products and services of brands. Furthermore, many consumers feel bothered from the advertisements which drop into their e-mail boxes and the Internet banners which pop up. Interactivity in social media is the main factor which has caused social media to get one step more forward than the websites. Today?s consumers want to engage in dialogues with their favorite brands and have in touch with them on social media. This paper will contribute to the literature of corporate communication from the aspect of social media. Classification-JEL: M30, M31, M37 Keywords: brands, corporate communication, external, factors, social media Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 75-87 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21940 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21940?download=5 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:75-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fei Jiun Kik Author-Name-First: Fei Jiun Author-Name-Last: Kik Author-Email: kikfj@tarc.edu.my Author-Workplace-Name: Tunku Abdul Rahman University College Title: Women-Led Films: Different Female Representations in Popular Cinemas. Abstract: This is a comparative study to look into cinematic feminism between English-speaking blockbuster and non-blockbuster films that screening from 2012 to 2015. This study will choose films that led by female character(s) and to explore, compare, and justify the feminism qualities that reflected through the female characters and storylines. In this study, six female-led films are selected: The Hunger Games, Mad Max: The Fury Road, Cinderella, Gone Girl, Brooklyn, and Carol. This study assumes that modern high budget productions are portraying feminism conventionally through unrealistic characters and masculine domination stories; while the non-blockbuster productions are portraying feminism progressively through reflective characters and self-determination stories. Blockbuster films? actresses are commonly created as recognisable female superheroes with strong masculine traits but living in a men-ruled world, or princesses that living in fairy tales. The cinematic feminism is superficial and ambiguous in blockbuster commercial films. Hence, non-blockbuster films? actresses are characterised with conservative and realistic images but given more chances to deal with alternatives, decisions, and progressions throughout the development of the story. Non-blockbuster films? characters and stories are less emphasizing on masculine feminism but more focusing on subtle yet significant feminism expressions. To achieve the objectives and hypotheses, this paper uses two methods ? quantitative method with a designed coding sheet in content analysis; and a qualitative method with film reviews for textual analysis. These two methods are expected to test out and evaluate the cinematic feminism through on-screen characters? gender representations and the storyline?s interpretations in selected films. Classification-JEL: L23, L82, J16 Keywords: films, feminism, cinema, blockbuster, mainstream, art-house, productions, gender, portrayals. Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 88-107 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21937 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21937?download=6 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:88-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lubomir Popov Author-Name-First: Lubomir Author-Name-Last: Popov Author-Email: Lspopov@bgsu.edu Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Author-Name: Franklin Goza Author-Name-First: Franklin Author-Name-Last: Goza Author-Email: gozaf@uww.edu Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Title: A Framework for Data Collection in Facility Programming: The Subject-Object Approach Abstract: This study presents a framework designed to enable facility programming scholars to more easily handle the extremely large amounts of information they typically utilize, to guide the development of their research designs and procedures, and to suggest process structure. This framework?s development was informed by both Activity Theory and Systems Theory and synthesizes knowledge about the most important aspects and layers of the sociospatial realm, articulating those analytical clusters that can be used as guides for developing programmatic research designs. The framework created is general enough to cover a wide variety of building types and programming situations. It is also flexible enough to be modified in multiple ways, including the possible addition of vast amounts of supplementary detail, to custom fit a specific facility programming project. The idea of creating a flexible guiding framework is based on the notion that in each programmatic situation content must be updated and aligned with specific organizational realities. Although very important to have theoretical support and shared research experience, each facility programming project is different and requires the adaptation of existing knowledge, as well as methodological erudition and proficiency to deal with the idiosyncrasies that emerge; all of which are possible with this framework. As such, this framework is foundational and pliable enough for further adaptation.The essence of this framework is reflected in by a matrix consisting of vertical and horizontal axes. This matrix emphasizes those facets most important to exploring sociospatial structures and relationships. The horizontal axis of the framework is based on an activity model that consists of agents, their goals, activities, necessary conditions, and the built environment. The vertical axis includes three levels or scales for analyzing the social realm: organization, groups and individuals. Each matrix cell provides information that can be used to develop guidelines for developing customized programmatic research designs and instruments. Each of the resulting 15 cells in this matrix is elaborated in detail. We believe that this framework will make significant contributions to the area of facility programming by providing an easily accessible and useful tool to area experts. Classification-JEL: R00, Q53, R58 Keywords: facility programming, theory of facility programming, methodology of programming research, framework for data collection Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 108-133 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21929 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21929?download=7 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:108-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Urbanová Author-Name-First: Eva Author-Name-Last: Urbanová Author-Email: eva.urbanova@pedf.cuni.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Charles University, Faculty of Education, Department of Andragogy and Educational Management Title: The job analysis of school directors in Czech Republic Abstract: The aim of the paper is to compare selected work activities of the school directors in comparison of the results of the international survey Talis 2018 and to reflect these activities of the authors? survey results by students of the study program School Management at the Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague. The goal of the paper is to define and discuss some part of job analyses of school directors by educational management students in terms of their theoretical knowledge, practical skills, management and human resources management development potential. From the perspective of future management of the students, authors? research results support the assumption that educational management students gained experience by this professional praxis in the time of study. The results show the agreement and differences between the results of the international survey and the reality in schools from the point of view of students who have completed these practices. Research question is What are the main work activities aimed at school management and how the opinions from the survey on them are different. Classification-JEL: I20, J24, J29 Keywords: school director, job analysis, management, education, higher education, departmental school Journal: International Journal of Social Sciences Pages: 134-144 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21961 File-URL: https://iises.net/international-journal-of-social-sciences/publication-detail-21961?download=8 Handle: RePEc:sek:jijoss:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:134-144